Towards a green economy


List of figures Figure 1: Evolution of fossil fuel prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Figure 2: Renewable energy share of global final energy consumption, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Figure 3: Global new investment in renewable energy in US$ billions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Figure 4: Range in recent levelised cost of energy for selected commercially available renewable- energy technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Figure 5: External costs of energy sources related to global health and climate change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Figure 6: Trends in BAU and G2 scenarios in total energy consumption and renewable penetration rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Figure 7: Trends in BAU and G2 scenarios: power generation (left axis) and renewable penetration rate in power sector (right axis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Figure 8: Total employment in the energy sector, and its disaggregation into fuel and power, and energy efficiency under the G2 scenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Figure 9: Total energy-related emissions and reductions under G2 by source, relative to BAU . . . . . . . . . 225 Figure 10: Policies for supporting renewable energy technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Figure 11 : Public finance mechanisms across stages of technological development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Figure 12: Illustrative financing options for the poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Figure 13: Public-sector low-carbon R&D spending per capita as a function of GDP per capita and CO2


emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234


List of tables Table 1: Primary energy demand by region in the IEA Current Policies scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Table 2: World primary energy mix in the IEA Current Policies scenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Table 3: Millennium Development Goals and links to energy access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Table 4: Stages of technological maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Table 5: Learning rates of electricity-generating technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Table 6: Energy technologies for power generation in the EU – moderate fuel price scenario . . . . . . . . . . 216 Table 7: Mitigation project costs per tonne of CO2


(US$ at 2007 prices), given different values for natural


gas prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Table 8: Employment in renewable energy, by technology and by country. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Table 9: Average employment over life of facility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Table 10: Lifespan of selected power and transportation assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Table 11: Comparison of energy mix in 2030 and 2050 in various GER and IEA scenarios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Table 12: Emission abatement shares from GER modelling compared with IEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224


List of boxes Box 1: Carbon markets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Box 2: Tunisia’s Solar Energy Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Box 3: Brazilian ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Box 4: Grameen Shakti programme in Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232


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