Another issue is the rising number of off-shore wind power installations. The extremely loud noise generated during con- struction can be heard over large distances underwater (Carlos, 2008) and can displace animals from their habitats in a radius of more than 15 kilometres from the source (Brandt et al., 2011).
There has been rising concern over the use of military sonar, but also of other shipping impacts (MacCauley et al., 2003; Nowacek et al., 2007; Wellgart, 2007; Papanicolopulu, 2011; Zirbel et al., 2011), suggesting that major ships can cause whales to undertake detours of great distances. Such detours may cause severe reduc- tions in crossings of traditional migration points. This, in turn, may cause direct blocking or halting of migratory cetaceans if areas such as archipelagos or in the Canadian High Arctic, where there is shallow water in the straits among many major islands, are opened up to regular shipping and transport.
In particular, this may be a high risk to the white beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), which appear to be highly sensitive compared with bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) to anthro- pogenic noise, even to helicopters or fix-wing aircraft flying overhead; up to 38 per cent of the Belugas responded to air- craft flying overhead, even at several hundred metres’ distance and altitude with very short duration (Patenaude et al., 2002). As the sounds’ effects and exposure time of overflights are far less than those of shipping, this creates particularly concern for the beluga whales that live in a normally very pristine environ- ment and exclusively in the High Arctic, a possibly diminishing range with climate change. Protection of their opportunity to migrate between sites with different qualities and food is there- fore imperative to this species (Fig. 16).
They migrate across the Arctic, in northern Canada and Green- land, particularly foraging in the southernmost bays of Baffin Island, the northeastern Canadian Arctic, Hudson Bay and into the West Greenland coast. There are several separate popula- tions of Beluga Whales (IUCN, 2011), an estimated 20,000– 30,000 around Baffin Island, where the coastal waters provide crucial habitat for the whales and a centre between East and West of the Beluga distribution from Alaska to Greenland.
Studies have shown the high sensitivity of Beluga Whales to shipping (Caron and Sergeant, 1988). Movements of Belugas through the mouth of the Saguenay river were monitored by several researchers for a decade (Caron and Sergeant, 1988). A decline in the Beluga passage rate of more than 60 per cent over this period – from 3.9 belugas/hour to 1.3 belugas/hour in the later years – was recorded (Caron and Sergeant, 1988) over a relatively short period, between 1982 and 1986, which coincided with an increase in recreational boat activities in the area. The ice breaker MV Arctic has also been shown to generate more high frequency noise than did comparable vessels. Belugas should be able to detect the vessel from at least as far as 25 to 30 km (Co- sens and Dueck, 1993). This may explain why Belugas in Lan- caster Sound seem to react to ships at longer distances than do other stocks of Arctic whales. Belugas were displaced along ice- edges by as much as 80 kilometres (Finley et al., 1990).
A large iron mine, operated by the Baffinland Iron Mines Cor- poration, has now been proposed in Baffin Island, with possibly severe impacts on wildlife on the island, such as development across the calving grounds of the caribou, and the establishment of two major ports. A 149-kilometre railway, 100 kilometres of roads and 83 quarries (producing ca. 29,500,000 tons) are planned, with an estimated traffic of 110 trucks per day during the operation phase (Baffinland, 2011). From the two planned ports for shipping and construction – the Milne Port and Steens- by Port – there will be up to 23 freight vessels (165,000–206,000 tons) during the first years of construction, to a more permanent six operating freight vessels (46,000–60,000 tons), in addition to three to six tankers from each port (Baffinland, 2011).
The possible establishment of this project in Canada’s High Arctic will not only possibly have major terrestrial impacts, but it will also severely endanger the migration of the Beluga Whales between Greenland and Canada’s Arctic and possibly crucial parts of their winter range.
46
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76