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SOLARAWARDS2011 SHOR TLISTED


Researchers have been done and applied in not only fundamental electromagnetic theory but also applied to variety of RF applications. One of those popular studies is metamaterial high gain antenna structure. A FSS (frequency selective surface) is used in these works as a semi- transparent layer at desired operating band to cover on a large reflective ground surface with a single feeding element, which could be a patch-type or dipole- type antenna. Related methods to improve antenna performance by using metamaterial super-strate can be approximately differentiated into three categories according to the antenna height, which are half-wavelength designs [6-9], quarter-wavelength designs [10-11] and the lowest height profile (smaller than 0.1 wavelength) designs [12-13] respectively.


The proposed structure with the aid of PV panel was fabricated and studied. Full models are simulated by commercial EM software, Ansys HFSS. Loss of materials and conductivity of PV cells are all taken into consideration.It can be clearly seen that two resonate modes, which are centred at about 1185 MHz (dipole mode) and 3550 MHz (FabryPérot mode) are excited successfully. For the frequencies over the obtained operating band formed by the two modes, the impedance matching is all better than 3:1 VSWR.


The fractional bandwidth of lower mode is about 5.9% (70 MHz) and the upper bandwidth is about 7.3% (260 MHz), which can cover the WiMAX 3.5 GHz (3400-3660 MHz) operation. The simulated and measured radiation patterns at 1.2 GHz and 3.5 GHz, around the centre frequencies of the excited dipole and FabryPérot modes for the proposed antenna. Also, the radiating patterns over those two modes across the operating band are studied.


Although similar results are obtained yet they are not shown for brevity. The gain variation characteristics of the proposed antenna are also studied, it could be observed that the proposed structure performs a peak gain of 17.3 dBi at 3.50 GHz and 6.6 dBi at 1.23 GHz in broadside direction. The E field magnitude is strongest at the centre of the superstrateand the spread of the E- field strength is even throughout the entire superstrate.


In other words, the superstrate and substrate well perform a role as a cavity capturing an electromagnetic energy. Unique Antenna-PV-Panel integration technology originated from metamaterial FabryPérot cavity which is capable of 1.2/3.5 GHz dual-band operation is proposed.


Extraordinary integration of proposed antenna structure shortens the distance between antenna and PV panel to 1/2 wavelength of 3.5 GHz, which is half- wavelength resonant mode of FabryPérot cavity can be achieved and mutual interference could be eliminated as well by using this technology. Both very high antenna gain of 17.8 dBi in secondary operation band and remaining the same PV panel performance could be achieved comparing with current known literature.


In addition, this work successfully turns a PV panel into an integrated dual-band antenna with very little additional structures and fabrication cost, which makes it very promising for industrial manufacturing. Furthermore, this concept could be applied to another type of solar cell, such as thin-film PV cell.


Customer Benefits  High antenna efficiency Novel high efficiency PV-panel-Antenna Integration technology will create a brand new market.


 Small form factor PV-panel and antenna are stacked and integrated perfectly with each other without sacrificing any performance.


 Cost-effective the manufacturing process of PV-cell remains unchanged which means no additional cost will happen.


dialog about required improvements and standards. Between 2011 and 2014 new technologies need to be implemented in production. Details of requirements for advancement of c-Si solar cell manufacturing will be described and technological barriers will be identified. This information shall enable future growth and significant cost reduction per piece.


Product Challenge The International Technology Roadmap for PV does provide important and significant key parameters of todays solar cell mass production showing their development for the upcoming years.


Problem Solved The International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaics (ITRPV) organized by the Crystalline Silicon PV Technology and Manufacturing (CTM) Group* aims to inform suppliers and customers about expected technology trends in the field of crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaics and sets a basis to intensify the dialog on required improvements and standards.


Noteworthy


Currently no technology roadmap for PV is exists on the market.


The International Technology Roadmap for Photovoltaics (ITRPV) organized by the Crystalline Silicon PV Technology and Manufacturing (CTM) Group* aims to inform suppliers and customers about expected technology trends in the field of crystalline silicon (c-Si) photovoltaics and sets a basis to intensify the dialog on required improvements and standards. The present second edition of the ITRPV was jointly prepared by leading European c-Si solar cell manufacturers, module manufacturers, and wafer suppliers.


SEMI PV Group


International Technology Roadmap for PV (ITRPV) Leading crystalline silicon (c-Si) wafer, solar cell and module manufacturers are working on a technology roadmap for c- Si photovoltaics (PV). The aim of this roadmap is to inform suppliers and customers and set a basis to intensify the


38 www.solar-pv-management.com I Issue VIII 2011


Feedback and input from various institutes, equipment suppliers and providers of production materials was also included. The present publication consequently covers a wider range of the PV value chain compared to the first edition. Due to the historical learning curve as well as industry growth, the specific costs per Watt peak (Wp) of PV modules are expected to decrease by 8%-12% per year. This corresponds to a significant cost reduction per module. To reach this purpose, current technology will be optimized, but new technologies


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