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Feature 4 | RUSSIA


Russians bring experience to winter navigation safety


Te increased danger that vessels face when travelling through severe ice has seen the Russians instigate a study of winter navigation in Northern and Arctic seas.


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n Russia, winter navigation carries out sea transportation routes in the Baltic and Okhotsk Seas and along the North


Sea Route (Arctic Seas), with the most intensive winter traffic taking place in the Baltic Sea. Winter traffic along the Barents, Pechora and Kara Seas (western part of the North Sea Route) is gradually increasing to provide further exports of crude oil, natural gas and other resources. Professor Vadim K. Goncharov, doctor of


Engineering, Saint-Petersburg State Marine Technical University, Klementieva Natalia Yu., candidate of Engineering, and Sazonov Kirill E., doctor of Engineering, Krylov Shipbuilding Research Institute, summarise the gained experience of ice navigation which will provide a base for development of cargo traffic in the winter conditions under the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI) project. To support the safety of winter navigation


following the main accident-prevention measures the following has so far been applied to vessel design: strengthening of hull and propeller-rudder complex the design stage of vessels and ice management (including, navigation requirements and icebreakers pilotage). Steady ice cover in the Baltic Sea


(Finland and Vyborg Gulfs) exists three to four months of the year and it can reach a thickness of 0.75m. The most difficult conditions for ice navigation are on the North Sea Route (NSR): one-year ice and old pack ice (thickness more than 3m) can cover almost all the water areas of the Arctic Seas in the winter-spring period. In the summer-autumn period one-year ice cover near the coasts melts, pack ice driſts on North and, as result, fractures are formed that can be used for navigation. Te Russian Maritime Register of Shipping


has established ice class requirements for vessels navigating in ice conditions. Table 1 and 2 present these requirements: speed


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The study is carried out under the ENPI programme.


Ice class of the vessel


Arc1 Arc2 Arc3


Acceptable ice thickness (m) for navigation


Unassisted in broken spaced out ice


0.40 0.55 0.70


Following an ice- breaker in the canal in compact ice


0.35 0.50 0.65


Mode of maintenance


Periodically Regularly Regularly


Table 1. Navigational conditions of ice classed vessels for weak ice conditions.


Category of vessel


Arc4 Arc5 Arc6


Arc7 Arc8 Arc9 10 12


Speed, knots


Compactness and type of ice


6 - 8


Open one-year ice Open one-year ice Open one-year ice


Compact one-year ice and two year ice


Compact multi-year ice


Ice thickness, m


Winter - spring


0.6 0.8 1.1


Compact one-year ice 1.4 2.1 3.5


Summer - autumn


0.8 1.0 1.3


1.7 3.0 4.0


Methods to overcome ice cover


Continuous motion


Episodic raids operation


Regular raids operation


Episodic raids operation on the areas of compact ice


Table2. Acceptable speeds and navigational methods of ice classed vessels depending on ice condtions.


of navigation of different ice classed vessels in different ice conditions and methods to overcome ice cover. Te special “ice passport” has been put


into place to characterise the capability of the vessel to navigate in ice conditions. Te Ice passport as a document includes the following sections:


• General characteristic of the vessel and its ice capabilities; mark of ice category


• Diagrams («in loaded condition» and «in The Naval Architect July/August 2011


of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping; main dimensions; peculiarities of the hull shape; ice reinforcement; data on the power plant, propellers, rudder and their ice protection.


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