pollutant concentrations?
16. What are the effects of pollutant loads versus concentrations on aquatic species, populations, community processes and functioning?
17. How do the timing and magnitude of pollutant inputs affect freshwater ecosystems, and what implications do they have for pollution regulation to remain within environmental limits?
18. What are the cumulative effects (synergistic, additive) of multiple-stressors? For example, how will changes in thermal dynamics due to climate change influence the mobility and effect of pollutant loads?
19. Where should monitoring technologies be deployed to better detect environmental problems?
20. Where, and under what conditions, could the remobilisation of historic pollutants threaten the status of freshwaters?
21. How can we improve models to better understand and predict the impacts of effluent on river water quality?
22. What impacts will targeted sediment management in catchment headwaters have further down the system (e.g. removing sediment supply to estuaries, changing niche space)?
Freshwater biodiversity 23. How will changing flow regimes affect freshwater and estuarine ecosystem structure and function?
24. What can be done to stop the spread of invasive alien aquatic species?
25. How can information on species traits and responses to environmental stressors be aggregated and disseminated to inform studies of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience?
26. How can functional redundancy in aquatic ecosystems be evaluated best, and can information on redundancy (or lack of) inform freshwater ecosystem management?
27. What is the role of freshwater biodiversity in freshwater ecosystem function?
28. How much ‘new’ knowledge could be derived from comparative analysis of all available long-term freshwater ecology datasets?
29. How are ecosystem function, functional diversity and water quality related?
Valuing freshwater services 30. What is the total economic value of a clean water supply to the UK?
31. What is the full ecosystem service value (including regulating, provisioning, cultural and supporting services) of freshwaters?
32. When considering trade-offs between catchment ecosystem services (e.g. flood water storage versus food production; flood protection versus ecosystem function), where does the balance lie between human and environmental needs and how do you quantify it?
33. What impact do existing reservoirs have on the range of ecosystem services that would otherwise be provided?
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34. If the public’s understanding of the Water Framework Directive’s concept of Good Ecological Status can be raised, will their appreciation of the value of freshwater increase?
35. How can ecosystem service values be incorporated into development appraisal tools, and what new ecosystem service valuation tools do we need?
36. How can the full value of water be integrated into stakeholder decisions?
37. To what extent could the UK ecosystem service valuation exercises be used to levy pollution fines in line with the true damage to the receiving system and the human population reliant on the services delivered by that water body?
38. How far should we go with improving the environmental quality of water?
39. What is the true economic loss of leakage, what is an acceptable loss, and what is the most effective way to achieve such a level of efficiency?
40. What tariff structures will best support sustainable management of water resources, recognising ecosystem services and human need?
41. How can alternative charging systems, such as lifeline and marginal utility tariffs be efficiently and effectively implemented?
Water supply, treatment and distribution networks 42. Does the trade effluent system work, and are catchment-based risk assessments of sewer inputs possible?
43. How do we reduce effluent fluxes to sewage plants? 44. If water conservation measures reduce the flows to wastewater treatment plants, what sludge conveyance measures will be needed?
45. How can the quality of effluent to sewage plants be improved? (e.g. how do we influence the public on issues such as detergent use?)
Valuing freshwater services - Josh Caudwell
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