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HIGH-SPEED IMAGING g


target positions and target trajectories are available shortly after image acquisition. In addition, WheelWatch computes all six degrees of freedom of the wheel in the vehicle co-ordinate system. ‘To date, machine vision solution vendors


have mostly relied on using GPUs with CPUs in high-end PC-based systems to achieve high processing throughput,’ said Ferrell. Recently, however, FPGAs are being used for embedded image processing algorithms. ‘With the highly parallel design of FPGAs


image pre-processing, image segmentation, feature extraction and image interpretation in the spatial and frequency domains, using linear and non-linear filters can be performed in real time at hundreds or thousands of frames per second,’ Ferrell said.


Te latest member of Mikrotron’s EoSens line of CoaXPress cameras, the EoSens 2.0CXP2, has a Xilinx Kintex UltraScale 35 FPGA, 2GB of internal DRAM memory, and a CoaXPress version 2.0 interface. However, Yampolsky warned that


manufacturers building high-speed cameras have to contend with power dissipation in the designs. ‘While using very fast ASIC devices, sensors or FPGAs, a lot of power


‘Until recently, cameras with 1MB images operating faster than 1,000fps required internal DRAM memory’


is consumed, which is translated to heat in cameras and this impacts image quality.’ Terefore, careful power design and heat dissipation is a key factor when developing high-speed cameras. As frame rates increase, reading out all


that data becomes a bottleneck to analysing the images. High-speed cameras, therefore, have internal memory to capture and store a fast event, and then the data is read out offline at a later time. A high-end camera, such the Fastcam SA-Z from Photron, which can run at 20,000fps at 1-megapixel resolution, can generate 128GB of 12-bit image data in just less than 4.5 seconds. No streaming mechanism exists to allow this amount of data to be transferred from the camera in real time, so these types of camera contain internal memory. ‘Until recently, cameras with 1MB images


operating faster than 1,000fps required internal DRAM memory,’ Ferrell said. He continued that with the introduction of 10 Gigabit Ethernet and CoaXPress 1.1 and 2.0 interfaces, data throughput has increased and other system components like PC busses and GPUs can be limiting factors. Te other option is to run the cameras in


burst mode, recording at maximum frame rate while the event is happening, and then reading out the data while waiting for the next event, while the line is bringing in the next product, for instance. Kaya Instruments’ latest JetCam product


has a Camera Link HS interface transferring video over fibre optic cabling. Te camera is able to image at 2.1-megapixel resolution at almost 2,400fps and record in real time for up to 40 minutes. Yampolsky said the company is working on cameras that can sustain data rates of more than 100Gb/s – today its technology reaches 55Gb/s, higher than 20Gb/s that regular CoaXPress cameras with four channels can reach.


Neuromorphic imaging All the cameras mentioned so far are based on CMOS sensors capturing image frames. Now, however, event-based sensors and


High-speed camera cuts cell analysis from days to minutes


Scientists at the Dresden University of Technology have developed a high-speed imaging technique to analyse cell samples 10,000 times faster than conventional methods. The Real-Time Deformability


Cytometry (RT-DC), which the team has called AcCellerator, is able to measure up to 1,000 cells per second. The scientists founded Zellmechanik Dresden to commercialise the flow cytometry technique. The mechanical properties of


a cell give information about its health – how a cell deforms can act as a label-free biomarker to gain understanding about drug treatment effects, immune cell activation, stem cell differentiation, cancer prognosis, or the assessment of state and quality of cultured cells. The RT-DC technique forces


cells through a micro-channel, and the pressure gradient of the fluid creates a flow profile and deforms the cells. Softer cells


display greater deformations. The cells flow through the


cytometry set-up at a speed of 10cm/s and are viewed under a microscope with 400x magnification. An EoSens CL high-speed camera from Mikrotron is connected to the microscope and captures each individual cell, at up to 4,000fps. The camera also controls the 1μs LED light impulse sent out for each image acquisition. The standard resolution of 250 x 80 pixels is automatically adjusted to the channel width. All images are transferred


in real time to the computer via a Camera Link interface. A program, based on National Instruments’ LabView, then measures the deformation of each cell; analysing a single image takes less than 250μs. ‘This process enables us to measure the mechanical properties of several hundred cells per second. In one minute, this permits us to carry out


16 IMAGING AND MACHINE VISION EUROPE DECEMBER 2019/JANUARY 2020


Heart-shaped flow lines are formed in the flow cytometry set-up


analysis that would take a week in the technologies we used before,’ said Dr Oliver Otto, CEO of Zellmechanik Dresden. ‘In 15 minutes a precise characterisation of all blood cell types, including cell activation status, is analysed. Due to the high throughput of cells, only one single drop of blood is needed for the analysis.’ Thanks to the AcCellerator,


cell mechanic evaluation has become usable in clinical applications for the first time. In the future, mechanical


fingerprinting of cells could be used for fast diagnosis, as well as for monitoring infections. Blood count changes or metastasising cells can be detected in minutes. The technology is also opening up many new areas of application in research, by enabling scientists to examine all processes in which cytoskeleton changes are responsible for the mechanical stabilisation of the cell, including migration or cell division.


@imveurope | www.imveurope.com


Zellmechanik Dresden


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