Informatics
Continued from page 53
4 (a) “The Business Blockchain”, William Mougayar, Wiley & Sons 2016, ISBN: 978- 1-119-30031-1; (b) http://in.
pcmag.com/amazon-web- services/112363/feature/blockc hain-the-invisible-technology- thats-changing-the-world. 5
https://www2.deloitte.com/ us/en/pages/about- deloitte/articles/press- releases/deloitte-survey- blockchain-reaches-beyond- financial-services-with-some-
industries-moving-faster.html. 6
http://www.nasdaq.com/ article/how-the-blockchain-is- being-used-beyond-bitcoin- and-finance-cm571563. 7
http://deloitte.wsj.com/cfo/ 2016/02/26/beyond-bitcoin- blockchain-is-coming-to- disrupt-your-industry- weekend-reading/. 8 (a)
https://public.dhe.ibm. com/common/ssi/ecm/gb/en/gb e03790usen/GBE03790USEN.P DF; (b)
https://www.healthit. gov/sites/default/files/8-31- blockchain-ibm_ideation- challenge_aug8.pdf; (c)
https://hashedhealth.com/block chain-101-healthcare/; (d)
https://hashedhealth.com/hashe d-health-blockchain-proof- concept/; (e) http://www.
healthcareitnews.com/news/blo ckchain-faces-tough- roadblocks-healthcare. 9
https://www.intelligenthq. com/innovation-
management/blockchain- healthcare-startups/. 10 (a)
https://www.forbes. com/sites/laurashin/2017/05/16 /icos-why-people-are-investing- in-this-380-million- phenomenon; (b) http://www.
coindesk.com/an-amoral- defense-of-blockchain-tokens- as-an-ok-thing/ ; (c) https://
www2.deloitte.com/us/en/page s/consulting/articles/initial- coin-offering-a-new-
paradigm.html.
idation. Since the advent of the ‘$1,000 Genome’20 there is an ever-increasing amount of genomic data being generated: on patients by healthcare organisa- tions, physicians and researchers; and on ‘healthy’ individuals by choice, often driven by a desire to know more about their ethnic origins and their genetic predisposition to disease. While this explo- sion of genomic ‘big data’ is invaluable to the research community, including those scientists in Pharma R&D, there is a risk that individuals’ genomic data – the most fundamental data about ‘you’ – might be hacked, stolen or otherwise abused if good security and privacy controls are not put in place. This use-case of security and privacy of genomic data is one where blockchain technology can play a major beneficial role; indeed the first pre- sentation specifically on blockchain at BioIT World Expo in 2016 was on this very topic21. More recent- ly, an article in Forbes reinforced this use-case22 and introduced another new blockchain start-up23 whose aim is to offer services to manage and market genomic data securely24. Once again, four of the fundamental properties of blockchains: Identity, Timestamping, Content and Immutability (ITCI), seem to offer great potential to make genomic data more widely and more securely available to individ- uals, healthcare workers and researchers.
3. Raw and refined research data
The 21st century drug discovery research process now universally involves the use of instruments and techniques such as NMR, Mass Spec, HPLC, etc, to support the laboratory-based work and to help prove or disprove the experimental products, findings and conclusions. The instruments produce what is known as raw data (the output files), which are then processed into more human-read- able and interpretable files known as refined data. Raw and refined data files comprise much of the evidence that an experiment has been performed (successfully or not), and they often make up a sig- nificant part of an ELN entry, whether they are stored within the ELN system or not (eg in a scien- tific data management system or SDMS25). One use-case that arose during the workshop concerned these raw and refined data files and relates to the growing issue of file tampering26. If data files could be ‘stored’ on a public blockchain (eg via hashing on the bitcoin blockchain through a service such as
Proofofexistence.com or Tierion27) then the ITCI aspects described above could be exploited and an audit trail back from publication to the original file could be established. To exemplify this further, consider an image file generated from a cellular staining experiment, or a photograph of a 2D gel; both of these are human- readable, refined data files. If, at the time of gener- ation, the file were hashed14 using a public hashing algorithm (eg SHA256 or MD5), and the hash stored both in an SDMS system and on a public blockchain28, then when the research is published and the image or photograph file is reproduced in the paper along with its hash, and if the associated electronic data file is also made available for down- loading (for example via Figshare or Zenodo29), anyone can take that file, perform the same hash- ing routine and compare this hash to that pub- lished in the paper and to the same hash stored on the public blockchain. If the hashes are identical, this proves the files are identical (proof of Content) and unchanged (Immutability). It will also give the time when the original file was placed on to the blockchain (Timestamping). Blockchain enabling of ELNs, SDMSs and LIMS, combined with greater, more open availability of key, supportive research data files so that more checking for integrity via hashing and timestamping is made possible, could thus help to heal this growing sore within the scientific publication domain.
4. Collaboration Continued from page 55 54 Source:
worditout.com
One of the primary foundations of blockchain tech- nology, as described by Satoshi Nakamoto in
Drug Discovery World Fall 2017
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