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Feature: Displays


Quantum-dot colour


conversion is the favoured solution here, enabling


conversion of blue light to red and green, and these quantum dots can be inkjet printed or lithographically patterned


Te technological journey toward the hardware needed to


create this device presents even more compelling developments and complex challenges than the soſtware; see Figure 2. And, despite billions of dollars being poured into their development, true AR glasses are still nowhere near the point of displaying images of IMAX quality. Meta (formerly Facebook) announced its AR glasses project, admitting the final product is years away from commercial viability.


VR and AR displays are firmly on their way By IDTechEx market analysts


T


he metaverse promises a step-change in how society communicates, but what is the stage of its hardware development? Te metaverse will be interactive through smartphones and laptops, but it requires virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) headsets for full immersion; see


Figure 1. Te goal is to have the real and virtual worlds co-exist seamlessly, with immersive interactions between the two. Displays, sensors and optics technologies are all crucial parts to


achieve this. Being personal displays, such glasses must be light and comfortable, suitable for all-day wear, able to seamlessly switch between AR and VR and interact with other metaverse users.


28 April 2023 www.electronicsworld.co.uk


Easy merging with reality? Putting a screen right in front of our eyes reveals details not necessarily noticed on a phone or TV. Close-proximity displays reveal the gaps between pixels in a phenomenon called “screen door”, and the rule of thumb is that 60 pixels per degree (ppd) of field of view are required for VR or AR to start looking like reality, leading to big demands on resolution. On top of this, optics are required to focus and size these images correctly for our individual vision. In the case of AR, these optics are very inefficient, leading to brightness demands in the millions of nits (a nit is a unit of measure, or 1cd/m2


); for reference, the iPhone 13 Pro Max screen maxes


out at 1200nits. MicroLED displays are a promising solution for AR and


VR. They do not suffer from burn-in like OLED displays, can have very high brightness levels (JadeBird makes one for AR applications with a maximum brightness level of three million nits), and enable tiny pixel pitches, with Mojo Vision producing what it calls a “nanoLED display” with a subpixel pitch of 900nm and so small it fits into a contact lens. However, there is one big problem: microOLED micro-


displays do not produce full-colour images, with blue microLEDs being significantly more efficient than the other colours. Quantum-dot colour conversion is the favoured solution here, enabling conversion of blue light to red and green, and these quantum dots can be inkjet printed or lithographically patterned. There are still concerns with longevity, especially in very bright micro-displays, as well as the reliance on heavy metals in many formulations.


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