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Feature: Energy harvesting


Energy harvesting for the IoT edge By Huw Davies, CEO and Co-Founder, Trameto


I


oT devices, most notably sensors with a digital communications interface, are now used in the billions as part of smart applications in industrial automation, predictive


maintenance, agriculture, security, healthcare, smart homes, and more. Many are battery powered, oſten by small coin cells, either because wired power supplies are not available, or because it’s more expensive to install wiring than to adopt one or more wireless protocols to transmit data from the sensors to a hub, an on- premises server or a cloud computer. Some sensors have an operating life


of 10 to 20 years or more, so they are likely to need their batteries changed several times over that period. Te less accessible the sensors, the higher the cost of changing batteries. In fact, the travel and labour cost of changing sensor batteries is far greater than their value. Te more batteries changed, the more environmental damage, both from the


18 April 2023 www.electronicsworld.co.uk


The less accessible the sensors, the higher the cost of changing batteries. In fact, the travel and labour cost of changing sensor batteries is far


greater than their value


process itself and from the potentially toxic waste that results from battery disposal. Micro-energy harvesting, coupled


with a power management system that delivers anything from a few hundred microwatts to a few milliwatts on demand, has the potential to mitigate or eliminate the economic and environmental costs of batteries in IoT devices. Te system consists of the harvesters, a power management integrated circuit (PMIC) and an energy storage part – usually a capacitor – that stores energy as it is produced and delivers it to the load when instructed to do so by the PMIC. Te sensors themselves are typically


passive components, but they are usually connected to signal-conditioning circuits, analogue-to-digital converters, microcontrollers and communications circuits, oſten of the wireless variety. Sometimes these functions are discrete devices but increasingly they are part of a chipset or a single system-on-chip (SoC)


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