Feature: Automotive Figure 3: Zonal architecture
amplitude and phase modifi cations) in baseband processing before RF transmission. Each antenna element has its own transceiver and data converter, enabling several sets of signals to be simultaneously superimposed on the antenna array elements. T is allows a single antenna array to serve multiple beams and, thus, multiple users, which is ideal for 5G networks. It also uses digital methodology to replace the traditional trial-and-error methods of beam tracking. Hybrid beamforming off ers a compromise
between digital and analogue beamforming, conducting analogue beamforming in the RF stage and digital beamforming in the baseband. Overall, digital beamforming permits faster
and higher-capacity beam tracking and steering. T is facilitates the use of mmWave and non-terrestrial network (NTN) connectivity, and is a primary enabler of ubiquitous broadband connectivity for vehicles.
Eliminating network gaps To achieve comprehensive connectivity, coverage must be expanded beyond the reach of existing terrestrial network capabilities. T e solution is an NTN that off ers a broadband satellite-based connection. NTN satellite communication systems can cover hundreds of kilometers, off ering connectivity in rural and remote areas. T ere are two aspects to it: 1. NTN-IoT (Internet of T ings) with a narrow band and low data rate or wideband off ering enhanced data rates, and 2. NTN-NR (New Radio) with broadband access. NTN-NR relies on beamforming antennas to maintain optimal
performance by improving the signal-to-noise ratio and reducing interference in crowded environments. Communications satellites create a constellation of signal sources in constant
16 April 2024
www.electronicsworld.co.uk
Figure 4: Beamforming involves focusing and directing the signal beam by changing the phase of the input signals on the radiating elements in the array
motion, changing both, the beamwidth and elevation angle. On the vehicle, beamforming and steering adjust to the changing beamwidth. NTN connectivity relies on line-of-sight visibility to the
satellite, and the satellite’s constant movement also creates a Doppler eff ect that can lead to high shiſt and high variation rate. T e signal amplitude and phase can also experience rapid fl uctuations due to atmospheric and weather-related infl uences. However, with suffi cient satellite coverage, NTN communication off ers network coverage to vast areas that aren’t served by TN. Molex provides custom antenna solutions for any connectivity
requirement, designed and tested to meet the exact specifi cations of automotive and commercial vehicle manufacturers. Our engineers have industry-leading RF expertise to develop best-in- class antennas with superior connectivity.
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