Wireless Technology
be vital in satellite systems, where channel conditions pose greater challenges compared to terrestrial networks, and Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) retransmissions need to be avoided as they will dramatically reduce spectral effi ciency.
Regenerative architectures – planning for the future
One of the major questions facing satellite technology companies and operators is the architectural approach to take. There are two options for this; Regenerative or Transparent. Put most simply, the difference between the two options lies in where the 5G base station functionality is implemented. With transparent, also referred to as ‘bent pipe’, it is on the gateway on the ground, with the satellite acting as relay, whereas with regenerative the satellite is the base station. The business decision-making factors for an operator selecting between architectures are complex and intertwined, involving business use cases and service requirements, acquisition and operational cost-benefi t trade-offs, and deployment timelines and risks. There are advantages to be had with both approaches – but which is the best choice? The transparent architecture places lower
demands on satellite payload processing, and is based on fi nalised standards (3GPP release 17). It is sometimes seen as lower risk, and lower complexity. As the gNodeB is based on the ground, it is accessible for maintenance, but global coverage is limited in remote, austere, and oceanic environments where ground stations cannot be installed. However, a regenerative architecture supports inter satellite links, which removes restrictions on coverage, and improves quality of service through lower latencies and lower bandwidths required for the feeder link. Less dependency on ground- based gateways also means global coverage, lower gateway costs, and the inter-satellite links also offer greater resiliency in the case of outages. Furthermore, by using programmable devices the regenerative solution can be upgradeable via software- defi ned radio (SDR), offering maintenance ease and adaptability to meet changing capacity requirements. At the same time 3GPP Standards are fi nalising with release
of the regenerative approach, which provides a higher-performance, future- proofed architecture for 5G NTN. The 3GPP standardisation brings all of the benefi ts of the powerful cellular ecosystem, and, with it, integration and economies of scale for equipment from multiple vendors.
Conclusion
19 anticipated soon which will support this architecture.
The regenerative 5G satellite payload is more complex than for transparent and requires performant space-qualifi ed devices, resulting in higher cost. However, this increase is estimated to be only around 10 per cent, and in any case the payload accounts for a small fraction of the total costs involved in building and launching a complete satellite. At AccelerComm we are advocates
While the 5G satellite market is still in its infancy, it is clear from the growing momentum that the industry is focused on delivering cellular services using LEO satellites. The area is not without its challenges, many of which stem from the unique conditions involved in operating at such speed and distance. As with the terrestrial cellular market, the key to successfully delivering for mobile operators and equipment vendors alike will be in working with a broad ecosystem of partners to ensure that the best possible performance is designed, tested, built and delivered. For this to happen, the regenerative approach, which is architected for higher performance both today and in the future, is clearly the route to take.
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