• • • SAFETY IN ENGINEERING • • •
Safety first for electrical product manufacturing
The need to ensure that manufactured electrical and electronic goods comply with required conformance standards is inextricably linked to effective product and component testing, says Nathan Barwell, category manager at Seaward
T
he importance of electrical safety testing is paramount to ensure that electrical and electronic products rolling off production
lines are safe and that consumers will not be harmed when they use them. This is enshrined in safety requirements such as the Electrical Equipment Regulations in the UK, the Low Voltage Directive and product safety standards. These assert that comprehensive testing must be completed on electrical products that are either manufactured or returned for repair. Moreover, properly maintained records of the product design for each manufactured item must also be kept. Generic product safety standards and European
Directives make clear a requirement to ensure conformance from both. However, the common reaction still remains ‘Does this mean I have to do 100% testing?’ Batch sampling and product verification tests are essentially designed to determine that type test and build instructions are being maintained via a set of ‘working standards’ and rely on a traceable scientific relationship between the sample and the rest of the batch. In order to maintain a proper relationship back
to the ‘type approved product’, testing of the batch sample should theoretically involve a repeat of the type test. This could involve the use of external test house or the transfer of the sample to a dedicated, in-house test laboratory - with both cases likely involving high costs and complex test routines. In addition, where batch sampling results in a test failure or a safety problem, remedial measures must be put in place. This could involve shutdowns to production and product recalls until the extent of the fault is identified.
Pro-active In reality, this is likely to involve re-call costs (time, labour, discarded packaging etc), testing costs (which will now include skilled labour), rework costs (time, labour, parts if any), lost production (highly unlikely that all items are salvageable) and potential late delivery penalties. Similarly, it is clearly in the interests of manufacturers of finished products that the safety critical components used to assemble a product are satisfactory – preferably before being incorporated into the product. Many manufacturers now request ‘Certificates of Conformity’ from suppliers of safety critical components. There has been growing recognition of the
advantages that can result in the pro-active identification of problems and defects before assembly. In this situation many electrical and electronics manufacturers now request
32 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING • OCTOBER 2022
electricalengineeringmagazine.co.uk
‘Certificates of Conformity’ from suppliers of safety critical components. By complementing this approach with 100%
product testing, significant information can be gathered and used to improve and refine manufacturing processing and techniques. Identifiable reasons for product failures can be highlighted and quickly acted upon. Even simple fault counters can indicate particular areas of the build phase that may require further investigation. In developing production line safety testing
policies, product manufacturers will review their own processes for Class I and Class II products and accordingly introduce the three main tests for ensuring product safety: High current Earth Bond measurement, Insulation Resistance measurement and High Voltage Flash (or hipot or dielectric strength) Test. In addition, many manufacturers will be driven by specific product standards and customer requirements, or even their own in-house guidelines, to complete functional tests (also known as run or load leakage testing).
Effective testing With such a range of tests, and the availability of relatively inexpensive test instrumentation, typical electrical safety testing to meet routine product test requirements can be completed in seconds.
For example, with simple to use set-up and control features, test stations can be readily incorporated into the production environment without the need for highly skilled labour. Of course, specific type testing standards may
involve a flash test (also called a hipot testing or dielectric strength test) using high current levels (sometimes in excess of 100mA) and extended test times (several minutes for some standards). However, for routine production line testing, electrical safety standards define not only a lower safer trip level, but also the setting up of the test area to ensure the safety of the operator. As a result, where delicate electronic
components are involved, far from omitting the flash test, various techniques can be incorporated to soft-start (ramp) the test voltage or apply DC voltages with discharge circuits, thus removing any likelihood of damage occurring. Far from costing time and money, routine 100% electrical safety testing on the production line makes sound economic and business sense. Seaward’s free guide
https://www.seaward.com/gb/support/guides/manu facturing/f4c40-electrical-safety-testing-during- manufacture-a-practical-guide/?gmsource=PR helps manufacturers understand better electrical safety testing requirements.
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44
