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F e at ur e 4 | P AI N T S & C O A TI N G S


T h e d e v el o p m e nt of c o p p er-fr e e a ntif o uli n g c o ati n gs


C arl B ar n es a n d Al a n G u y of Ty n esi d e- b as e d S a fi n a h Gr o u p dis c uss t h e d e v el o p m e nt of c o p p er-fr e e a ntif o uli n g c o ati n gs a n d t h e c h all e n g es f a c e d i n bri n gi n g n e w pr o d u cts t o t h e m ar k et


A


n ti f o uli n g c o a ti n g s a r e a c k n o wl e d g e d t o m a k e a si g nifi c a nt c o nt ri b uti o n t o t h e


o p er ati o n al e ffi ci e n c y of m ari n e v ess els, h el pi n g t o m ai nt ai n a f o ul -f r e e a n d c o ns e q u e ntl y a s m o ot h u n d er w at er h ull. fh es e c o ati n gs c a n als o d eli v er f urt h er b e n efit s s u c h a s e xt e n di n g d r y d o c k i nt er v als a n d i m pr o vi n g t h e r e p ut ati o n of t h e s hi p pi n g i n d ustr y vi a a r e d u cti o n i n e missi o ns ( vi a r e d u c e d f u el c o ns u m pti o n). T h e y al s o pl a y a n i m p o rt a nt r ol e i n pr e v e nti n g t h e tr a nsl o c ati o n of i n v asi v e s p e ci e s, c u r r e ntl y a m aj or c o n c e r n of t h e I M O. S u c h c o ati n g s w or k b y t h e r el e as e


of a cti v e i n gr e di e nts ( bi o ci d es) f r o m a p ol y m er s yst e m d et erri n g t h e s ettl e m e nt of f o uli n g s p e ci es w hi c h c a us e a n i n cr e as e i n t h e r o u g h n ess of t h e u n d er w at er h ull a n d h e n c e a n i n cr e as e i n t h e fri cti o n al r esist a n c e of t h e h ull. This m e a ns t h at t o m ai nt ai n a s p e ci fi c v ess el s p e e d t h er e will b e a r e q uir e m e nt f or a n i n cr e as e i n p o w er a n d h e n c e a n i n cr e as e i n f u el c o ns u m pti o n a n d s u bs e q u e nt e missi o ns. Fri cti o n al r esist a n c e is ess e nti all y c a us e d


b y t h e h ull ‘r u b bi n g’ a g ai nst t h e w at er it is m o vi n g t hr o u g h a n d t h er e ar e t w o m ai n c a us es of r o u g h n ess o n v ess el h ulls: p h ysi c al r o u g h n ess c a us e d b y m e c h a ni c al


H ull c o n diti o n Fr es hl y a p pli e d c o ati n g


D et eri or at e d c o ati n g or t hi n sli m e H e a v y sli m e


S m all c al c ar e o us f o uli n g or m a cr o al g a e


M e di u m c al c ar e o us f o uli n g H e a v y c al c ar e o us f o uli n g 2 8


d a m a g e, c o ati n gs cr a c ki n g, d et a c h m e nt a n d c orr osi o n; a n d bi ol o gi c al r o u g h n ess c a us e d b y f o uli n g.


T h e f o uli n g pr o bl e m T h er e ar e a p pr o xi m at el y 5, 0 0 0 diff er e nt f o uli n g s p e ci es f o u n d i n t h e w orl d’s s e as a n d o c e a ns a n d t h es e c a n b e cl assi fi e d as eit h er: mi cr o f o uli n g (sli m e f o uli n g); or m a cr o f o uli n g ( w e e d a n d a ni m al f o uli n g). Sli m e f o uli n g is al w a ys pr es e nt t o s o m e


e xt e nt o n i m m ers e d s urf a c es, a n d w hilst it is n ot a s o urc e of i n v asi v e s p e ci es, it still h as a n i m p a ct o n t h e p erf or m a n c e of a s hi p’s h ull. Th e a ct u al e ff e ct is n ot c o m m o nl y a gr e e d wit hi n t h e i n d ustr y a n d v al u es fr o m a f e w p er c e nt u p t o 1 9 % ar e q u ot e d. We e d a n d p arti c ul arl y a ni m al f o uli n g (t h e m aj or s o urc e of i n v asi v e s p e ci es) h as t h e gre at est e ff e ct o n s hi p p erf or m a n c e. E x a m pl es of t h e a d v ers e e ff e cts of f o uli n g o n s hi p p erf or m a n c e is s h o w n b el o w i n Ta bl e 1. C o ntr olli n g f o uli n g o n s hi ps h as b e e n a


r e q uir e m e nt si n c e w at er h as b e e n us e d as a m e a ns of tr a ns p ort. Hist ori c all y, ‘ bi o ci d es’ s u c h as m erc ur y, ars e ni c, l e a d, pit c h/t ar a n d c o p p er w er e us e d t o pr e v e nt t h e b uil d- u p of f o uli n g. O n e f a m o us us e of f o uli n g c o ntr ol o c c urr e d at t h e B attl e of Tr af al g ar, w h er e, i n O ct o b er 1 8 0 5, t h e Britis h fl e et us e d c o p p er cl a d di n g w hi c h c o ntr oll e d f o uli n g a n d g a v e


A d diti o n al s h aft p o w er t o s u st ai n s p e e d ( %)


0 ( B as eli n e) 9


1 9 3 3


( 1) 5 2 8 4 Sc h ult z, Mic h ael P. ( 2 0 0 7) E ffects of c o ati ng


r o u g h ness a n d bi of o uli n g o n s hi p resist a nce a n d p o w eri n g, Bi of o uli n g, 2 3: 5, 3 3 1- 3 4 1, D OI: 1 0. 1 0 8 0/ 0 8 9 2 7 0 1 0 7 0 1 4 6 1 9 7 4


T h e N a v al Ar c hit e ct J u n e 2 0 2 0


T a bl e 1: R o u g h n e s s a n d F o uli n g P e n alti e s – A d a pt e d fr o m S c h ult z, 2 0 0 7 ( 1)


t h e m m u c h m or e m a n o e u vr a bilit y t h a n t h eir Fr e n c h c o u nt er p arts. I n t h e 1 9 7 0s tri b ut ylti n ( T B T) w as


i ntr o d u c e d; tri b ut yl ti n o xi d e ( T B T O) w as a w ell- k n o w n bi o ci d e, b ut e x p e nsi v e a n d t h e t ar g et w as t o bi n d T B T O t o a n a cr yli c p ol y m er t o m a k e p ai nts l ast l o n g er a n d m or e c ost e ff e cti v e. Th e i n n o v ati o n w as a h y dr ol ysi n g p ol y m er w hi c h rel e as e d T B T O a n d p olis h e d a w a y its elf – S elf P olis hi n g C o p ol y m ers ( S P C) w er e b or n. H o w e v er, n e g ati v e eff e cts o n n o n-t ar g et or g a nis ms ulti m at el y l e d t o T B T b ei n g b a n n e d u n d er t h e I M O A F S C o n v e nti o n i n 2 0 0 8.


M o d er n d a y bi o ci d al a ntif o uli n g c o ati n g s T o d a y, t h er e ar e t w o m ai n t e c h n ol o g y t y p es of T B T-fr e e a ntif o uli n g t e c h n ol o gi es a v ail a bl e:


· S elf - p oli s hi n g c o p ol y m e r s ( S P C): c o m m er ci all y a v ail a bl e t y p es i n cl u d e,


· R o si n - b a s e d c o nt r oll e d d e pl eti o n p ol y m ers ( C D P), ge n er all y a c k n o wl e d g e d


sil yl a cr yl at e, sil yl m et h a cr yl at e, m et al ( c o p p er or zi n c) a cr yl at e. S P C a ntif o uli n gs g e n er all y d eli v er t h e hi g h est p erf or m a n c e of t h e bi o ci d al o pti o ns.


as d eli v eri n g e ntr y-l e v el p erf or m a n c e at a l o w er c ost b as e t h a n S P C.


Bl e n di n g of t h es e t w o t e c h n ol o gi es b y


p ai nt s u p pli ers is c o m m o n a n d t hes e c o ati n gs ar e o Th e n t er m e d ‘ h y bri d’ or s elf- p olis hi n g; t h e y ar e d esi g n e d t o gi v e


i nt er m e di at e


p erf or m a n c e at a n i nt er m e di at e c ost b as e. H o w e v er, t his is a v er y c o m pl e x s e ct or wit h a wi d e r a n g e of pr o d u cts fr o m all c o ati n g s u p pli ers a n d t h e b o u n d ari es c a n b e c o m e


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