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Fi g 2: T h e z er o c o a st er c o n c e pt


w o ul d b e t a ki n g m or e tr a ns p ort ati o n o ff t h e r o a ds a n d o nt o c o ast al r o ut es.


Z er o c o a st er fh e s ol uti o n t h at Var d a n d its p art n ers arri v e d at is t h e z er o c o ast er, or w h at is d es cri b e d as a ‘ pl u g a n d s ail’ c o n c e pt f or a c o ast al b ul k er. W hil e it i n cl u d es a n u m b er of n o v el as p e cts s u c h as wi n d- assist e d pr o p ulsi o n, s elf- u nl o a di n g t e c h n ol o g y, a n d ot h er o pti misi n g f e at ur es t h at w o ul d all o w f or f ar gr e at er o p er ati o n al e ffi ci e n c y t h a n e v e n t h e n e w er c o ast al b ul k ers c urr e ntl y i n


o p er ati o n ( e v e n t h es e t e n d t o b e m or e t h a n a d e c a d e ol d), t h e m ost i n n o v ati v e f e at ur e is its m o d ul ar p o w er s yst e m. Vist a d e x pl ai ns: “ We fi g ur e d t h at t h e


k e y c o m p o n e nt w e n e e d e d t o c o m e u p wit h w as a w a y of r e d u ci n g t h e ris k t o t h e s hi p o w n e r, s o t h at h e is f r e e t o us e w hi c h e v e r f u el s o u r c e h e mi g ht fi n d s uit a bl e o r, a s r e q ui r e m e nt s c h a n g e, l e g al. Th e m ai n i d e a is t o g at h er t o g et h er all t h e m ai n e n e r g y c o m p o n e nt s a n d m o d ul aris e pr o d u cti o n a n d distri b uti o n. It d o e s n’t r e all y m att e r w h at s o rt of


2 0 2 0 t o 2 0 3 0 Fi g 3: C o st c al c ul ati o n s f or diff er e nt f u el o pti o n s. Pri ci n g e x cl u d e s e q ui p m e nt a n d st or a g e c o st s


C o m p o n e nt s Li q ui d H y dr o g e n *


C o m pr ess e d h y dr o g e n *


L N G A m m o ni a (f ossil) B att er y ( el e ctri cit y)


2 0 3 0 t o 2 0 5 0 C o m p o n e nt s


Li q ui d H y dr o g e n


C o m pr ess e d h y dr o g e n


L N G / L B G


A m m o ni a ( gr e e n) B att er y ( el e ctri cit y)


R a n g e ( n m) 2, 4 7 9 1, 0 7 6


6, 0 7 9 2, 2 3 0 9 9


N O K / k W h 3. 0 0 2. 7 6


0. 3 9 1. 1 7 0. 4 4


N O K / n m 3 6 0. 0 0 3 3 1. 2 0 4 6. 9 5


1 4 0. 8 5 5 2. 8 0


R o u n d tri p s 4. 2 1. 8


1 0. 3 3. 7 2 0. 1 7


c o m p o n e nts t h e y ar e; w h et h er it’s a g as e n gi n e, a f u el c ell or w h at e v er, b e c a us e i nt e gr ati o n wit h t h e h ull a n d pr o p ulsi o n s yst e m will b e st a n d ar dis e d.” U n d e r s u c h a s c e n a ri o, a s hi p o w n e r


mi g ht b u y t h e v ess el t o d a y a n d o p er at e it wit h a di es el e n gi n e or a h y bri d s ol uti o n f or fi v e y e a r s or l o n g e r, d e p e n di n g o n t h e c o nt r a ct u al t e r ms a n d r e g ul ati o ns. B ut w h e n t h e ti m e c o m e s, f or e x a m pl e w h e n c a r b o n p ri ci n g m a k e s it c o st pr o hi biti v e, t h e y c o ul d e x c h a n g e t h ei r p o w e r m o d ul e f or o n e t h at is g r e e n e r, or e v e n z er o e missi o n. “ Alt h o u g h t his s o u n ds li k e it c o ul d


i niti all y b e q uit e e x p e nsi v e w e b eli e v e m ariti m e c o ul d l e ar n s o m et hi n g f r o m a vi ati o n a n d p e r h a p s


i nt r o d u c e s o m e


R a n g e ( n m) 2, 4 7 9


1, 0 7 6


6, 0 7 9 2, 2 3 0 3 2 0


T h e N a v al Ar c hit e ct J u n e 2 0 2 0


N O K / k W h 1. 2 0


1. 2 0


1. 1 7 1. 8 8 0. 4 4


N O K / n m 1 4 4. 0 0


1 4 4. 0 0


1 4 0. 8 5 2 2 5. 3 6 5 2. 8 0


R o u n d tri p s 4. 2


1. 8


1 0. 3 3. 7 2 0. 5 4


ki n d of l e asi n g s yst e m. Th er e w o ul d b e n o ris k t o t h e s hi p o w n er at all, h e j ust p a ys f or t h e t y p e of p o w er h e w a nts d eli v er e d a n d it’s t h e n u p t o t h e l e asi n g c o m p a n y t o t a k e f ull r es p o nsi bilit y f or m ai nt e n a n c e.... It als o c h a n g es t h e r es p o nsi bilit y fr o m t h e s hi p o w n er t o t h e c h art er er as t o w hi c h f u el t h e y w a nt t o pr o vi d e c ust o m ers wit h i n t h e e n d. If y o u w a nt gr e e n tr a ns p ort ati o n t h e n t h e n y o u h a v e t o p a y f or it a n d t a k e t h e ris k, b ut y o u w o ul d al w a ys w a nt t o us e t h e m ost c ost- e ff e cti v e f u el s ol uti o n a v ail a bl e o n t h e m ar k et.”


C o st e sti m ati o n s Wit h L N G a n d b att er y t e c h n ol o g y alr e a d y w ell a d v a n c e d, a s w ell a s


i niti ati v e s


e x pl ori n g h y dr o g e n distri b uti o n, N or w a y is alr e a d y b ett er pl a c e d t h a n m ost c o u ntri es t o off er a s el e cti o n of diff er e nt e n er g y o pti o ns. As p art of t h e e x er cis e, Var d r a n


1 9


F e at ur e 1


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