^ E N )


*v^Vi fJjf


Poultry-Keepers’ £2,SOOjOOO Losses A Year


MAJOR MAGDOUGAL ON TERRIFIC COST OF MORTALITY. SEEKING REMEDIES.


i


A ^ a w u r i t e FOR OLD AND YOUNG:


H monia worth risking?


CROUPLiNE COUCH SYRUP taken at the commencement of a coid prevents serious consequences, much lost lime and expense, not to mention extreme suifering and anxiety.


A child's cold, just a cough, heavy head, tunning eyes, may mean anything. Most often it means measles. Measles mean mote than a fever unless cateluily Aandicd. Bronchitis or Bronchial Catarrh develops, and if they get the upper hand, pneumonia may need staving off.


The patient is up against it unless great cate is taker; from the very first. CROUPLINE should be given all the lime i It reduces the fever, and positively takes care of the throat and chest. It protects the ait passages from inflamma­ tion, and tones up the system. Troubles crop up in later' life from negiecteri


? : , ^ V ' f > \ I f .


the dhtricl for a cough remedy. This / haos found lo be Robert, Croupime by experience. I haOe yet to find a cough mixture which equal, LRUUPUl^t. ■ for quick efficiency, eapecially in the country here.


measles. Mrs Shier, Certified Narte, writet:—l'm alien aiked by my pelienls in


CHILDREN LIKE IT. Buy a bottle now and be safe from anxiety. Keep your lungs safe and sound. A cough, whether affecting an adult or child, is often on the border line between a cold and something mote serious


R O B E B ' ^ ' S


COLDS BRONCHITIS. CROUP WHOOPING COUCH. FLU. GIVE WAY TO CROUPLINE T


E SAFEGUARDA-eFAMILY. E M E D Y


A neglected cold in an adult i« a very serioua matter. We often hear the remarlc, "It will go away itself." la a aerloua attack of bronchitis or pneu­


T c o u g h s ;


CLITHEROE POULTRY SOCIETY*S EXCELLENT PROGRESS.


the Clitheroc and District Utility and Fanciers’ Poultry Society was evident from the large nuniher of poultry keepers from all parts of Fast Lnneasliire ivlio attended tho Society’s annual dinner, hehl on Satur­ day evening at tho Swan and Royal Hotel, in all, there were about 100 guests and the event was one of the most successful and enjoyable of a long scries.


That public interest is being sustained in


tho company wore tho Mayor and ^layorcss (Councillor and Mrs. J. IT. Satterthwaite) and jMajor ^lacdougall, of London, Secre­ tary of the National Poultry Couiieil, in addition to many well known exhibitors and breeders. A siiloiulitl meal was .served after which several toasts were honoured, and tlien the company adjourned to the dance room where the proceedings were of tho happiest character, with real enjoyment tlie keynote. Dancing was indulged in to innsic supplied by an oreliestra led by Mr. ,F. Tayhir. and at intervals songs and ducts were given in great style by Me.'^sr.'. d. Hobinsoti (Low ^loor) and .7. Oddie (Pen- dlelon). At an interval, the tropliios gainer! at the Society’s recent show and also in the laying test were presented by Major Maeilougall. who took advantage of tlie opportunity to give some splendid advice to poultry keepers and to refer to euiTC'iit poultry prolilcm*!. The evening’s pronrammo had lioon arranged for the con- venienen and enjoyment of the guest*! and ofiieials were congratulated many times during the night u|.on tlioir i‘fforts.


included iu Thanks to Mayor.


the Mayor was drunk «)n tlie proposition of Mr. .1. Crook. Haying a tribute to tlie ;^^ayor‘s interest in the various organisa­ tions in the town, 31r. Crook said the inem- hers of the poultry fratcrnit.v were de­ lighted to Iiave him as their guest once again and tliey much appreciated the honour he had bestowed upon them liy attending the annual dinner of the Suidety. Ueplying, the Mayor in jocular fashion


Following tlie loyal toast, tlie health of ____


ROBeRTS CROUPLINE LTP BOLTON ~ T 5 -r^ LANCS


COUCH SYRUP ^CATARRH


CHEMISTSsSTpRES I3 3' m f iT FAMILY.^/ ’


SOLD BY'


Ecep your mouth Eliut. DREATHE THROUGH YOUR NOSE. Intercept cerm l.niten ni'r c-spechilly when In hc.itcil rooms, foRcy we.ither, slully trains, bus or other vchleles. Keep tlie .air warminc, germ flcslroylng lining (mueous meml>r.anc) of tlie nasal passages healthy with CREVALIN. For Use In Influenza, CoM In the head. Bronchial Catarrh, Hay Fever. Ilca»l pamphlet. CREVALIN will protect you from Infection and risk of deafness. 1 /Q AND o / . It Is a delightfully agreeable preparation. In largo tubes only ................A /o O/


tIBEIITy AND JUSTICE.'


CLITHEROE DEMAND FOR TAXATION OF LAND VALUES.


Your Friends Overseas ...


G e t your Christmas G ree tin g C a rd s


for foreign postage now.


See our scleclion tvhicli jot beauty oj dciign and cheap­ ness is unsurpassed.


Private Greeting Cards Autograph Stationery


Wc invite ymir inspection. “ Advertiser & Times ”


27, Castle Street 6, Market Place


‘‘ SCIENTIFIC DISTRIBUTION.”


jukliv-sed a mooting of the Clitlieroo Henry Geor«'e (Jionp at Clitiieroc Co-operative Guilil Room, on MVdnoday week, his sub­ ject hein^ “ Liberty and Jukice.” Councillor A. Hallows presided.


Mr. C'liiiiies II. Sinitlison. of ilnlifjix, Producing Wealth.


enough and to spare for all. Hut there had been no general recognition of the natural laws whieli should gcivern the just distribu­ tion of wealth. The branch of science winch deals with the natural laws governing the production and dislrihution of wealth was called political economy—hut with one not­ able eseeptioii the aiereditod teachers of [lolitical economy had failed to recogni>e tlie natural law’s which in nature’s order of things would govern distrihntion. Jolm Stuart Mill, for example, said tliat wliile production was carried on in conformity wit!.* natural laws, wealth oneo produced might he distributed ns men thought fit. This loft distribution a purely arhitrar.v affair and no doubt accounted for the tragic anomaly of <lire poverty in tlie midst of super-abundance. For if plentiful produc­ tion was the result of utilising the powers of nature, it would appear that bountiful nature had done Tier part all right and that the troulile arose in that i>art of the problem wliieh hitlierto had been governed by the law-) of man.


Distribution of Wealth. MAGNETO REPAIRS


Also Specialists in Repairs, to DYNAMOl and Soil Starters and Re-Wiring of Cars.


SIMPSON BROTHERS, LIMITED (Dept. No. 3 Magneto Works)


HAPTON— near Burnley— HAPTON Phone: Podibam 14.


M r . F . M o o r e s MEETING HOUSE, SAWLEY


MASSAGE AND CHIROPODY. Prompt attention to messages by Posf


that in a complex state of society this funda­ mental principle of social justice c.an ho seenrerl hv calling upon all who have tlie ex­ clusive use of tlie common heritage to pay economic rent, measuring tho benefit which they enjoy, into a public fund through the ineflium of rntiilg ami taxation. 1 ho political name for tin's method the tion of land values and llirough this method when carried to its logical ronrlusion all would ho put on equality in reference to I he bounty of nature. Tho_ plan inny bo arlopted cradnaliv hv the impositum of small tax or rate lint the present confiscation of imhlic Vs'tlucs will not ho removed until


this iliat all men sliould have an equal opportunity to ir<e whatever naliire freely supplies lor tlie inaintcnanre of life—in other words that the earth should ho treated as llic common heritage.


l ie ]»ointcd out


economists draws attention to tlio natural distribution of wealth: (a) between the community and the individual; (h) hetwcon individuals. He starts with the funda­ mental principle that all men have an equal ri'dit to life and liberty. Ho deducts from


Henry George alone amongst political


feature of the past loO years had hecn tliu wtmderful advance in scientific knowledge. .Science liad given to mankind the use of powers and lorees whicli had enormously increased the ability to produce wealth, ily taking: advaniay:e of this scientific kiiow- ledy:e, production of wealth had reuc-hed a point whero at was inaiiifesl there was


Mr. .Smithson saitl the most reinarUalile


2U^. in the pound of economic rent finds it> way into the* public purse. When this goal ha.^ been reached the community will receive wliat belongs to the community and the individual will'he left with what belongs to the individual. Thi>> is tlio scientific distribution between


the competition of unemployed labour in the towns.


Natural Solution.


town and country and in the mining dis­ tricts constitute.!; the natural solution for the pressing problem of unemployment. With employers competing witli cacii other for workers, wages would lise to tho full equival<*nt of any value contributed by labour in production and tliis is the natural tlistribulion as betwoon imlividunls.


rutting land to its most effective use in


would represent tlie realization of service for service which is tlie central law of social devolopmont. I^lany quo.stions were put to ^[r. Smithson,


It


wlio was warmly thanked for his address on tlio projiosition of Mr. .T. 11. Sumner, seeondeil hv Conneillor AV. Leith.


DARBY AND JOAN.


MV re not as young as once wo were, ■\Vo both arc getting old.


Your hair is grey and mine will soon Ho in';! as grey as yours.


And yet we hoUi are looking well, mV still defy the years.


Tho Lord provides for yon and me, Kven our daily bread.


M'o two are in tho host of health, That stands ns in good stead,


I t must have lieen Hint you and luo M’ero for each oUior meant.


For God lias made us both to he Just happy and oontont;


(Jfrs.) A. LIVFSRV. ^^onn Cottage, Grindleton.


Keep this date open, Feby, 12th, 1936, “ CRUISERS” Whist Drive and Dance in aid of Mayor’s Clog Fund.


Come draw your chair beside the fire, Tho wind is blowing cold,


the community and tho individual, but before this can be accomplished a new valuation will be required of all the land of the country—o.NcIuding any unexhausted value traceable to the private expenditure of labour and capital upon the land. The rale or tax levied upon the now valuation sliculd lie levied wliother tho land was hold for its most oirective use or held idle. This would make land available, at its true value for all the jiroposod new developments described as national reconslniction. Land would become available for .small holding?, arterial roads, innnicipal lionsing and open spaces. Tlie development ol small holdings would provide tlie agrienllural labourer for the first time ivith a natural standard of wage which would enable him to bargain for tho full reward of the service rendered. It would largely check the immigration from the rural and mining districts into tho town.s and create a natural stamlard of wage in the secondary industries by removing


Ru'sell Ifoniliy) wlio was unfortunately not able to att«nd the dinnor, was drunk on the proposition of Mr. T. Parker, who has recently been appointed chairman, in siicee.ssioii to Mr. F. Spurgeon. Mr. Parker said tliat anyone who took a great interest in the Society realized that they iiad in their Pre.sident a man thonmglily wortliy of holding that ])osition. Sir Henry took a great interest in the Society and It'S momhors and they were very grateful to Iiim for Ids interest.


Efficient Officers.


of tho officials expressed tlianks for tho kind remarks j\fr. Warren had made. After all was said and done, tlie secretary pla.ved a prominent part in tlio success of tho .Soeiet.v and lie di(l not know what tliey woidd do if they had not a man like Councillor Hallows in tliat position.. Tlie work he did was wonderful. 'I'he henltli of the vi>itors was drunk on


tho proposition of ^fr. H. Holt, who ex­ pressed idoasure at seeing sucli a large attendance and said it denoted that enn- siderahlo interest was being taken in the affairs of the Society. The support given to the dinner was an encouragement to the official? to carry on the gooil work.


A Wise Move.


ing thanks for tlie very cordial welcome tho visitors had iceeivcd* He agreed with Mr. M’arren tliat when the Sf.eiety hml its laying trials registered by tlio National J*oultry Council it was one of the wisest moves they had ever made.


proposition of Councillor Hallows, wlio said that he thought all the members would agree with him when he said that tho Press was one of tho biggest assets the Society had. Without tlio puhlieity they received throngli tho medium of tho Press ho did not know where they would be. ^fan.v of tile Society’s members were able to keep in touch with eiirrent happenings through the montlily report published in the local paper and oilier poultry news and the Society was very grateful to the Press for their


A toast to the Press was drunk on tho


Iiolp. An “ Advertiser and Times ’’ representa­


tive rospomled. ■ Heavy Losses


trophies won at the show and in the laying test, ^fajor IMacdougall said he wanted to roL'i* to two enrront •poultry problems— inanngemeht and grading. “ 1* use the term ‘ mnuagcinent ’ in its widest sense to include mortality at ‘ all stages, from the cliirk In shell to the fully developed bird.” Major ^Incdongall wont on. ^fortnlity is tho greatest burden tho industry has to carry to-tlay. Poultry-kecpers sustain greater losses from mortality than from lack of organisation of their marketing methods or any other canso. The only official


After presenting the cups and various Mr. T. Dobson briefl.v responded, express­


V. Warren, tiu* test manager, said he did so with great ploa*!ure as he regarded it as a privilege to ho as-'oeiated with the Clit­ heroc and District Society. Much of the .succo>‘> acldeved had been duo to the untir­ ing efforts of the ofiieials. IMr. Warren paid a warm tribute to tho work of the committee and former chairman, Dtr. F. .Spurgeon, and added that hut for tlie'work of the secretary, Councillor A. Hallows, lliey would not be able to continue with tlic same amount of success. During the last twelve* months, tliey liad made great strides and tho fact that tlioy were making Iicad- way wa.s to the credit of tlie secretary, officials .and committee. Ho was glad that tiie laying trials had now been registered b.v the National Poultry Council and ho did not want tliem to forget tlie tlianks they owed Major Macdongall, for tho help and advice he Imd given tiiem iu tliat direction. Mr. T. Parker responded .and on behalf


Propo'-ing a ton.st to “ Tlie Society,’’ Mr.


observed that “.it is dilfieult for we exports to refrain from talking sho|) on occasion of this sort, hut as there are neither eggs nor chickens on the menu, 1 take it you do not wi.sh to he reminded of work.”—(l.angli- ter.)—The Ma.vor referred to tlie fact that shortly the various trophies would he dis- trihuled and congratulated the winners upon their success, also saying a word of encouragement to the lowers. He was very happy to he able to alti*nd tliat evening’s function and exprev^-sed his sincere thanks for tlie way in which they had honoured the toast. Tlic health of tho President (Sir ireiiry


figures I can quote as evidence of tlie in­ crease in mortality arc tlie figures of the laying trials officially ixicogmsod by tho National Poultry Council.- Tlie register of records was first publisliod in 1927 and con­ tained tho official rccord> of the 192d-27 la.ving trials. At those trials the average mortality for all breeds, excluding ducks, was (),r)S per cent. In the trials just concluded tlie actual pullet mortality was 1G.97 per cent.


inortalily had almost trebled. Tho birds entered at laying trials are .supposed to ho the pick of^ tho flocks of tlio country, and 1 think it is safe to assume that the mor­ tality oil farms is at least equal to, if not in excess of. tliose figures. Tlic mortality at the last laying trials ranged from 10 to 2.') per cent.


Ill nine ye.ars tlie percentage of Tree Planting Imperative.


MR. C. RUSSELL INGHAM ON AFFORESTATION SCHEMES.


ROTARY CLUB TALK.


LOW HOME PRODUCTION ; HEAVY IMPORTS.


give an_ estimate of the iiumher of liirds wliich die and the value of tho>o birds ns the figures of the census of poultry popula­ tion arc so incomplete. I think. liowC-ver, it is safe to say that mortality i*; respon­ sible for the loss of approximately 4,000,(100 adult birds ami (i.oOO.OOO young stock annually, and I as>cs? the value of tlieso losses at approximately ;C2.!)0().000. Those figures do not take into account tlio los.se.s cansofi hr dead-in-sh(*![. infertfle egg<, and other factors due to faulty mating and selection.


i t is a dilfieulfc matter to The Abnormal Fowl.


intimately concerned with this grave ques­ tion of mortality. ^lany poultry-keeper.s


Tliose responsible for laying trials are


are far too much inclined to blame laying trialsi for tlieir trouble>. Laying trials are not directly responsible for disease. I have probably seen more laying trials than anyojie present. J am the unfortunate individual responsible for tlic iii>peetion of the laying trials, and I am of the opinion, generally sjH'aking, that if competitors will utdy send birds of sound constitution ami undoubted stamina tlie birds will he re­ turned to them at the end of the test In as good, if not in better, condition tlnui when they wore sent. Laying triaL, liow- ever, are indirectly ri.sponsiblo for some of the tronlde. Tlie institution of laying trials has encouraged breeders to seek for the abnormal fowl. They aim at higli records and large eggs and* by this means aio snl)jeeting their Iiirds to a severe strain which must ultimately re'ult in a loss of vigour and stamina. Tliere arc other factors. however. responsible for our trouliUs: faulty and not sufficiently rigorous selection, feeding method- and over crowd­ ing in hotli liouses and runs.


There i- a glamour about a copper ring


bird and timse birds whieli have put up higli records at home. Hrceder- are sorely tempted to u-e those birds in their breed­ ing pcn> irrespective of wheth'r they ])o-se-s tlu* <ither neet'ssary requirements. Tho successful poultry hrocilcr i> the man who is iiKU’o critical of hiins«‘lf and hi- methods than lie is of his competitors. A poultry-keeper mu-t have givnt will power. If there is tho sliglitost su-pieion alxuit a bird it slionid not ho used a? a hrood<T. If lie does use it ho is only laying up troulde f<»r himself in tho future am! for those who buy stock from him.


Evil of Overcrowding.


use of dry mash. may. to some extent, ho rosponsihio for some of our diflioultios. I feel that an excessive use of dry mash must eventually cause tlie crop to heenme flabby and degenerate and have some efL*ct on tlio bird’s constitution. Over-erowding is also one of the eauses «)f our trouhlfs. Many poultry-keepers are limited in the extent of gniund aviulahle for their liirds. The.v use it to tlie fullest extent possifife. Tho ground is never rested and eventually be­ comes foul ami this state of affairs en­ courages (li'-ease. Fonltr.v-keepers must be prepared to review their methods by .striv­ ing. as little as ptissihk*. for the abnormal. The future of the industry tlepends upon a drastic revision and recognition that con­ centration is responsible for tlie present position. Clean soil, natural feed, rigorous selection and limitation of tlie extreme, will he tlie determining factors.


Again 1 soiuelinios feel tliat an exces'^ivo


..avoid extremes, and put into practice sane breeding metliods.


The Size of Eggs.


cerned about the recent alteration in tho grading of eggs at recognised laying trials. They say it is a retrograde step. With that opinion 1 cannot agree. As you know tho minimum weight for a first grade egg at all stages of the current laying trials is now 2-ozs., ami the mininium weights for .super and second grade eggs are 2.\ and IJ oz-s. respectively. Tho alteration from the previous minimum weights was made be­ cause, for some time, there had been a de­ mand from a very large number of poulti.v- keepers tlmt the register of records should faithfully record tlie egg- laid l).v each bird in tlic correct grades. Under tho old system of grading there was a tolerance allowed in tho first eiglit weeks. Jn tho first four weeks the minimum .weight for a first grade egg was ozs., and iu tlic second four weeks l.lu.TU ozs., with tlie usual differences for super ami second grade eggs. In those circumstances it was not possible to find out from the register of records how many 2 oz. eggs any copper ring bird had laid. Poultry-keepers liad to rely on tlie word of the owner and J am afraid, in tlio case of some owners, all these gce?e were swans. One of the first thiims potential buyers of a stock bird want to Know is tiie nuinhcr of 2 oz. eggs laid by any dnin and until last year they had to rely on tlie word of tho owner and even he could not give that informalioii about his copper ring birds. Now, that information can be found iu the register of records. Poultr.v-koepors will also have information about tlu* luimhor of super and second grade eggs at the different stages of tlie tests. Thev 'will therefore be able to discriminate ketween the ex­ tremes. As a breeder T never use<l a bird which laid an abnormal luimbor of super grade eggs, particularly in tho earl.v. stages of its career, nor did I object to using a bird which laid some second grade eggs, provided they wore laid in the early stages.


All Treated Alike.


it is asking too much of a pullet to produce a 2 O


that T agree. The National Poultry Council does not expect a pullet to start olf with a 2 oz. egg. All that it asks is that in 33C) dnvs a bird, to qualify for the copper ring, .shall lay 200 eggs, of which 190 shall


Tho^e wlio oppose the alteration say that J5. egg when it comes into lay. With


Some poultry breeders are very much con­ (Continued from preceding column.)


.so much the question of Avhether the new grading is desirable or not as tlte fact tliat a large nmnher of second grade eggs Avill now he recorded. Rut then every bird Avill he competing under tlu* same condi­ tion? and all competitors Avill be equally affected.


be first grade and 10 may he second grade. Probably what concerns the objectors is not


Avill he any rt'duction in tlie uumher of copper ring birds OAving to tlie altered grading, unless, of conr.so, production i.s at a loAAer le\-el tiian last year.


I do not anticipate th a t there


tion of tlie grading Avill encourage breeders to produce big egg layers. Many arc doing th a t now and u’ould continue to do .so if the minimum weight for a fir>t grade egg AA'as 1| ozs. throughout the te>t. Un­ fortunately tlio register of records is tho l)i*ceders’ show wimloAV ami <lo what you will you cannot prevent them from trying to dress their wiiulow.s better Ilian those of their competitors, hut they will have to pav the penalty in the long nm. Some olqectors me confusing grading with scor­ ing. two totally different matters. The National Poultry Council concerns itself Avitli ftmr aspects of laying trials, rocopii- tion, inspection, grading and tlic qualifica­ tion for copper rings. Tt does not concern itself Avith the scoring for pen nAA*ards. th a t is a matter for the te.'jts themselves. Differ- ence.s do exist in the nlloAA'anec for .socoiul grade eggs hetAveon some of tho tests. I'hat may bo duo to the inability of tlin tests to arrive a t a satisfactory nUoA\*anco for those eggs oAving to lack of experience of the new* method of grading.


Again tlio objeclor.s say tha t the altera­


desired to have uniformity in regard to inolliods of scoring for pen aw'ards then, I say. lot tile tests get together IhemseU'cs and cndenA'our to come to some agreement. That is purclv a domestic affair of the tests tliemseh-es. i t is not the business of tho National Poultry Council.


If, hoAvoA’cr, it is


doucnll for hls nddre.ss on tho proi>osition of Mr. J. Crook, .seconded by Mr. G. Rose.


Tho joung do not fear death but tlioA do fear l i fe—Lord Quccnsboiougli.


Thanks Avert* extemlod to lAfaJor Mae-


CHRISTMAS SHOPPING. Continued from Article, Page 7.


ahle loi’in, and they are sure to be appri- ciated.


hamlkereliicfs a? gifts, though some people .scorn tliem as “ ordinar.v.” 1 do not-- bceauso i ncA'cr seem to have enough my-t‘lf, and M) cannot Imagine anyone el-e having too many. Give haiulkereliief? in lai-liiou-


1 never lime a woul to wiy against giviiii;


_ Women to-day like handkercliief.s in limn 111 pastel colours, or in smart chetk'-d lahne. Either type should l)c fa-t iu colour for boiling. ^leii jnvfor Avliito liaiidkcrchiefs of the largest pos-ible size, preferably in lluon, FA'cning liandker- cliiefs for men should be of plain Avhitc .-ilk. J ho man Avho goes out a lot can always n-o


added 111 ivliite or black silk—or. better still, embroider it .vom-self, and t.ako earn to let bim knoir you did it.


^”i . A ’»i> eaii have liis monogram ■\oii must pass tlirougb tlie statiimory


department iu your first visit to tlie sbop.. Here you will select your cards—a matter wbieb i t is vital to settle early, if you ivisli kc original in clioico—and you can al.-o


chocked paper to AA'rap your gifts tin’s .vear, t.viiig them Avith ribbon or tape in ono- shade of the checks?


eift. Cbeek.s are iu fasbiou. AVIi.r uot seb-et


Clever wrapping doubles the value of a


can bo sealed Avitli gummed stai*s at the folds. Stars are A*ery fashionable, W rappiiig<i add that spice of my.slory to


wear to be found in the shoo-shops; cA*eii- tho furnishers haA'o. many daint.A’ articles;- the olectrie supply and radio people have beautiful designs for Christmas; and Avhen .von got amongst tho pots and pans and kettles and sundry other articles at iho ironmongers


taking trouble Avith them. At this season there is much pretty foot­


A ’ould approve of—surely a good reason for


s(nr(oIv a tindo that does not make \ fcntuie foi Chn-tinns


.a ’ou realize that there is Metal paper is also smart, and the paper


your parcels AA'liich Santa Clans himself A


look for some original form of AATappieg for tho gifts you assemble. ‘


setting up, l»y tlie Ministry of Agriculture, of tlic Toehnicnl Committee to deal with disease. 1 hope this committee will deal witli every aspect of the subject, even tho most remote and tliat those who are called to give evidence will he perfectly frank and honest ami will not hide or minimise the facts. Poultry-kccper» must get hack .os nearly as they can to natural methods,


1 am sure you will all welcome tho


in great numbers tends to increase rainfall was made at hut 'J'liursday’s meeting of ClithcroG Rotary Club when an address on afforestation was given by Mr. C. Russell Ingham, of Padiham, who is a member of the Agent’s staff on tlie Huntroyd est.nte. Mr. Ingham is a member of the panel (d Consultant Foresters of the Royal linglish Foresters’ Society.


A suggestion that the planting of trees Heavy Imports.


emphasise tlie importance of tho forestry industry. Timber ami timber products wore ill general use in everyday life and the demand was constantly increasing. Great Rritaiii in 1931 imported in round figures 391 million pounds worth of im- mamif.nctured timber.


Mr. Ingham said ho did not need to


millioii pounds worth of manufacturi-d timber, and nine ami a half million pounds worth of wood jiulp. The value of the production of timber in this country came to something under a million pounds. In view of the small dimensions of tlie liome industry, it might be tliought not wortliy of cuiisideration, l>iit there were certain factors which made it imperative tliac afforestation in this country should le encouraged. iMire.-try was a primary in- dustr.v, providing work and wages and :i use for land. The liiilk of work in afforesta­


five and a half


tion came in the winter mnmli> when work on tlic farm? was normally slack, thu.- providing a u-ofnl stand-bv for rural workers. Tho industry could supply local needs. Village whoelwright.s and saw­ mills provided plenty of employment up and down the country and it was muen heller if the timber wore to he had in their noighhourhood ratl’cr than Unit they .should he compelled to import it.


.‘•hould it he borne in mind timt trees were grown for two purposes, for timber or lor tlio purposes of beauty.


History and the Oak. IJefore the year 1152 timber greatly


affected tho industrial organisation uf t)ie country. The -lustory ol the comiiry ai that time was bound up wiih oak.


Iho


it also trained nppremieos, while the uni­ versities had courses for the training of cx|)ort foresters. Assistance was given to local authorities, and grants were made for afforestation schemes amounting to £2 an


in nioro tree planting in parks and in streets, and the trees under their care were being looked after innch lietter. Hurnley and Nelson Corporations, for instance, em­ ployed a foiostcr, realising that it v^a-* specialised work. Manchester and fiiv*r. pool Coriiorations had embarked upon afforestation schemes on their watershed-,


woods. Local authorities wore themselves engaging


aero for conifers and £4 an acre for liard


to the end of 1931, nearly a inillion acres liad been obtained by the Commission. Half the land was plantabic, and planting n*a? continuing at the rate of 20,0(X) acres a year. Only the poorest land was used for the purpose. In ccrt.ain jiarts of the country, tlie Conimisslon was preserving areas to he known as National Forests, and


countr.v roalisc<l tlie de-perate position in which’it was placcKl with regard to timber. Private estate owners, however, had done their duty and there was found to be ample reserve. * In 1919, a Forestry Commission was set up to acquire land and plant trees. Sums were granted to tho Commission on a ten-voarlv basis. Tlie Commission was now spendi’ng £400,000 a year, and it had revenue from land acquired of £100,00’9. it was enabled to extend its grants and work to a sum of £000,000 aiiuually. Up


bark was used lor tanning, acorns fed tlie beasts, the tbranches piovided fuel tor the hearth, ami tho limber was used in ll'c structural work and lor the building or ships. In 14S2, an Act was passed to ‘’u- courage the growing of oak, and later it was made compulsory. Tlie cxteii-ive u-c of oak continued until the indu-trial revolution, wlien tlie u>e of iron and steei for building and for shipping caused tiie timber industry to fall into decay. Impor;- dutios were suspeudod and foreign timber was imported, afforestation being one ot tho industries .sacrificed to free trade. It- was not until tho Great Mar that tlu*


.Always


uot only for the purpose of tree planting., hut to prevent erosion and the washiug away of soil during heavy rains.


Good Management.


their pait iu the planting of trees revealed during the war when it becaiao known tliat there was in the country tluvo million acres ot timber available. Any good estate owner realised that it was quite possible to combino tho growing of timber with tho keeping of game, and good timber liad been grown which bad proved au economic factor in the management ot iliuir estates. Afforestation was one of the tilings whieli clearly demonstrated tlic effects of over-taxation. Heavy income tax. tax, and death duties left little to j*lay with, and leavy la.xe- liad dcva-?iaicd the rural organisation of e.-tatc lite. If an estate were bled to meet deaili dutie-. then jK'oplo were being thrown out of work and ibo estate went to rack and ruin. Thai wliy so many largo estate.? liad boon l.rok -ii up and afforestation was one of die lir-b things, to suffer. Mr. Ingham said he considered l . a i s'*


t ime went on tlie indu-uy would be orgati- ised and more would be n.adc of it. Tbo


l imo factor played a great ]ian in ice sclieine. Fore- i - in Gcrinaiiy and r'ran' had Leen i.-nder tlie same taniily iia.nai:*-- ment for five and more generation-. Tl.vv had bronglit the production of limber <lour, to a fine ar t .


The fact that private owners had doiO


ADVEETISER AND TIMES. EBIDAY, DECEMBER 6, 1935.


In this country, a man wb .


planted trees did not live to reap li.*.? reward, and it wn- difficult to (-nrour.ii-:* people to embark on eo-liy st beine- in \ of tliosc circumstances. He tliouubl p'^- sciiome might -iinu* ilay I'C di*vi-e<l whi.!'., wi thout infr inging tui die right* ol j-riviio ownership, might nssi-t in nffore-i.r.i i'. lieing car r ied out .■-ystematically.


At the Waterworks.


(Coimciilor J. H. .Satlerlliwaile) a-bed it when making grants lo local aulh-uiiie- tor afforestation, jhe Forcsiry Commi"; '• desired a proprietorial riglit in the l.ine: Tho Clidieroe Corporation liad land on ih<> gathering grounds wbieli had been ptani 'i lairiy heavily with tree-', hut tlie tree- 'n -d died tlirongh some unlortunaU- cirmr:;-


(^liieslions wore invited, and ilic .Ma\;o-


stancc.Mr. Ingham said die !•\ue'lr.\ (.’uuiuii--t ii gave grants lo local auilKuiiie-. Wbe.i there was a con-ideralde periiou m Imd tliey were often prcparixl to take ii "-v r at a rental. The trouble avu- d u n tn ib s part of the country the land wa- suur sr, I it was difficult to en>ure sncco" in jihiut;!.:. M’here there was peat it was inipo->iuli : ) grow anything. AVhero licather grew. was ji()?sihlc to grow Scotch pine, a?- ^ whei'i* patches uf Ijraclteu indicaicd bet:-'r soil, larches could be grown. Carelul <■ i:- sidoratioii was required before any monec


were a fact tiiat the planting of tree- iu numbers tended to inciva-e raintail. He was assured wlien in An.-ti'alia. uliere tre--. were planted in very large number-, that:


was sunk. Tho Rev. C. M. Roger.’-on a-ked \\


tho weather was affected. Mr. Ingliam said the opinion w.t< h'-^a


jilanting of trees at Thirlmore had incroa-ed the supply of Avator for tin* reservoir, ibou-b a i/ossible explanation was that the roerj iiad created a sort of sponge Avliich lieid the water longer. On tho otlier hand. it. Avas argued tha t troe.s absorbed inoi-tur**' Avhich tlioy imparted into the atmo'-iAliiU-. and th a t scliool of tbouglit argued that <


that planting trees in large number- e. r- tainly did affect rainfall. He saw lilt!-' possibility of tree-planting in this country to an exttuu Avliieli Avould affoet the wealiier. He heard it argued strongly that tla*


the trees Avero cut doAvn at Thirlmere tbero AA'onld be no need for a re-ervoir at HaAve-- Avater. In reply to anotlier que-tion, Mr. IHiilriru


said the ravages among trees created bv the demands of the Avar Iiad not vi-t i/eeu repaired and it a


a'ouUI he many years hu’.oiu


roughly £10 an acre for conifers, and £11 an acre for hard AA'oods.


they Averc all replaced. Mr. Tnglmm said the cost of idnniiim' aa:-a


Rotanan F. W. Goodman Hunuijpi Engineer, who said afforestation sclioiie ^


Tlmnks to the speaker were voic.-d I"*


could well 1)0 developed in some of t)i-> derelict areas. Afr. Goodman montiomd that tree planting on tlu* WaterAvorks gathering ground^ at Grindleton did not prove a success. ]>erhap> because the jdant- ing AA'as done on n very bleak moor. Photograplis cxlnhited during the addr


by Mr. Tngliam Avero loaned by Mr. R. Cb H. Gardner, secrelary of the Royal F.ngU-b Foresters* Society.


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