Hydrogen |
production at sea: vast opportunities, big challenges
H2
Despite current headwinds, green hydrogen is likely to play a critical role in decarbonising hard-to-abate sectors of the economy. Developers are now exploring the integration of electrolysers with offshore wind farms to produce green hydrogen at sea. What are the opportunities and challenges presented by offshore green hydrogen production?
Ibrahim Muritala Global Hydrogen Lead at the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)
The concept of a green hydrogen economy to decarbonise industries is not new. However, early enthusiasm waned due to high costs and technical challenges. Despite this, green hydrogen remains a compelling solution for reducing emissions in energy-intensive sectors. While demand for hydrogen is expected to grow slowly over the next decade, analysts predict significant acceleration after 2035.1
Offshore electrolysis: potential for green hydrogen at scale Renewable energy is key to producing green hydrogen, moving from grey or blue hydrogen to fully sustainable solutions. Offshore wind energy offers a unique opportunity to produce green hydrogen at scale, contributing meaningfully to global decarbonisation goals.
The concept is straightforward: placing electrolysers at offshore wind farms, where generated electricity is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. There are various electrolyser technologies – alkaline, proton exchange membrane (PEM), or solid oxide – each with different efficiencies, capital costs, and operational characteristics, and they can be directly coupled with floating or fixed-bottom wind turbines.
The produced hydrogen could then be either transported via pipelines or stored on-site using compressed gas or liquid hydrogen technologies and potentially converted into chemical carriers like ammonia for efficient shipping to shore. The choice of technology and system architecture will depend on various factors, including site-specific conditions, energy resource availability, and the scale of production desired.
Producing hydrogen offshore provides access to abundant renewable energy while avoiding land-use conflicts. It also creates jobs in remote coastal areas and enhances energy security by diversifying energy sources and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
Offshore hydrogen: making it work
Producing hydrogen offshore offers exciting possibilities, but it also presents some significant obstacles that must be overcome to ensure the feasibility and success of these projects:
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Safety considerations. The highly flammable nature of hydrogen requires robust safety procedures for storage, transport, and handling throughout the offshore production process, adding complexity and cost. Specialised infrastructure needs. Offshore hydrogen production requires specialised ships, storage facilities, and port infrastructure. The unique properties of hydrogen, particularly its low density, necessitate expensive high- pressure or cryogenic storage solutions. Challenges of the marine environment. Constructing and maintaining facilities at sea is considerably more expensive than on land. Factors such as corrosion, powerful storms, and the accumulation of marine organisms pose constant technical and financial challenges.
While hydrogen’s potential as a clean energy vector is immense, it comes with formidable challenges. Hydrogen has a low ignition point and broad explosive range, which requires stringent protocols for storage, handling and transportation. Production methods vary in their efficiency and environmental impact, and, as already noted, it requires specialised tankers, vessels and port infrastructure to address safety and handling issues. Its low density requires either high pressure storage or cryogenic liquefaction, which increases the costs and the risk of pressure vessel failures and cryogenic embrittlement. The lack of existing infrastructure
or supply chains further contributes to the high capital costs of any hydrogen project, whether onshore or offshore.
Offshore hydrogen production adds further complexities. Infrastructure in the marine environment is inherently more expensive, with additional risks such as rapid corrosion, extreme weather conditions, and biofouling. At ABS, with decades of experience in guiding innovators, reviewing new technologies and providing classification/certification services to the offshore industries and global shipping, we understand that these barriers are standard with new technologies.
Despite these challenges, pioneering companies are leading the way, pushing ahead with their own projects. In Scotland, for example, Hywind Scotland, the world’s first commercial floating wind farm, is exploring potential hydrogen production add-ons. Meanwhile, the AquaVentus initiative in Germany seeks to establish large-scale offshore hydrogen production powered by dedicated North Sea wind farms, with a targeted production capacity of 10 GW of green hydrogen by 2035.2
This
is a huge undertaking bringing together a diverse range of stakeholders, including energy companies, technology providers, research institutions, and government agencies. A collaborative approach is deemed essential to navigate the complexities of creating a robust green hydrogen infrastructure in Europe.
https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/energy-utilities-resources/future-energy/
green-hydrogen-cost.html 32 | September 2025|
www.modernpowersystems.com 2
https://aquaventus.org/en/
Source of image: AquaVentus
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