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Simulator 101
There are three categories of simulation-based training devices currently used to provide flight simulation training. As simulators become more complex, they provide a more realistic training environment in terms of flight systems, visual displays, motion simulation, and cockpit environment.
Just as you look to buy the aircraft that most perfectly suits your mission requirements, you should invest in the simulated training environment that best suits your training needs. There is no one-size-fits-all solution.
Full Flight Simulators The full flight simulator (FFS) is the most advanced type of flight simulation available to pilots and training institutions. An FFS has a motion base and includes a full replica of the cockpit of a specific make, model, and series of aircraft. All aerodynamics, flight controls, and systems must perform as the actual aircraft would in flight. There are three levels of FFS available:
■■ FFS Level D: The highest level provides a motion platform capable of moving in all six directions, a visual system with a 180-degree view, and a number of motion, visual, and aural effects that enhance the realism of the cockpit environment.
■■ FFS Level C: This level has the same motion and visual capability as Level D but features fewer visual and aural effects.
■■ FFS Level B: This level has at least a three-axis motion platform and a visual system that responds to pilot input at a slower rate than the level C or D.
Flight Training Devices A flight training device (FTD) is usually a nonmotion trainer that replicates a specific aircraft, including instruments, equipment, panels, and controls, in an open or closed flight deck. Some newer FTDs
have a motion base. Research has shown that an FTD that provides even subtle motion or aural cues, such as vibration seats, can match the immersive experience offered by a more expensive FFS. Aircraft-specific flight training devices are designated by numbers
rather than the letters that correspond to full-flight simulators: ■■ FTD Level 7, the highest level, has an enclosed flight deck and a
fully operational aerodynamic program with all helicopter systems operational. All controls and switches replicate the feel of the aircraft. The visual system must provide cross-deck viewing from both pilots’ seats, and vibration cues enhance the realism of the training.
■■ FTD Level 6 is the same as Level 7 without the vibration cues. ■■ FTD Level 5 has at least one operating system, and the flight controls must be physical controls. ■■ FTD Level 4 has one operating system.
Aircraft Training Device An aircraft training device (ATD) has a nonspecific cockpit. Significant developments in computer flight simulation and visual graphics capability have led to the increased use of ATDs in general aviation training. This evolving simulation technology provides effective training capabilities at reduced cost for flight schools.
texts, and web browsing. When they need to figure out how to use a more complicated function, such as a three-way conference call, they google it or dig into the owner’s guide. Tat’s fine for a phone but completely
unacceptable when you are training to pilot a more complicated system such as an aircraft. Pilots need a complete understanding of the aircraft in order to make real-time decisions when problems may arise. Pilots use simulator training to learn
aircraft-specific systems and procedures. Tey can also learn multifunction displays, digital cockpits, and enhanced visual systems. Tey can develop the ability to accurately operate the technology, fly the aircraft, and make the decisions necessary for a safe mission. But many pilots pass check rides without being completely comfortable with all the
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functions in the digital cockpit equipment. In other words, they are not proficient. Tere are several factors at work here. One
is the firehose training model, which pours a huge amount of information onto the pilot in a short time—one of the least effective, yet all-too-common training methods. Secondly, it is difficult to become proficient
in technology without hands-on practice. Studying from a book or PowerPoint presen- tation does not provide the muscle memory required to become proficient with the equipment. Te challenge that we are facing is that there
is so much more to learn and no additional time to do it. Tis has put a greater burden on both the pilot and the instructor, who both feel pressured to complete the training in less time than is necessary to create true proficiency.
Investing in Simulation Training Today we need more training to get and stay proficient. Tis practice to proficiency is much more cost-effective in a simulated environment than in the aircraft itself, especially if it can be done in realistic scenarios that visually depict the uses and effects of the equipment. Simulation training should be a tool used by every operator, flight school, or private pilot. Note: technically only simulation environ-
ments that offer motion are called simulators. However, outside of the training industry, most of us call any training device that seeks to duplicate the cockpit environment a simulator. Please see Simulator 101 on p. 44 to learn about the different types of simulators. Simulation training offers substantial benefits
for operators, trainers, and trainees: ■■ 24/7 availability. All weather or environments
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