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GENOMICS


Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(8):597-608. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00159-0


6 Giwa AM, Ahmed R, Omidian Z et al. Current understandings of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: Genetics to environment. World J Diabetes. 2020; 11(1):13-25. doi:10.4239/wjd.v11.i1.13


7 Holt RIG, DeVries JH, Hess-Fischl A et al. The Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Adults. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2021;44(11):2589-2625. doi:10.2337/ dci21-0043


8 Echeverri A, Tobón G. Autoimmune diabetes mellitus (Type 1A). In: Autoimmunity: From Bench to Bedside. El Rosario University Press, 2013.


9 Luckett AM, Weedon MN, Hawkes G et al. Utility of genetic risk scores in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2023;66(9):1589- 1600. doi:10.1007/s00125-023-05955-y


10 Kondrashova A, Reunanen A, Romanov A et al. A six-fold gradient in the incidence of type 1 diabetes at the eastern border of Finland. Ann Med. 2005;37(1):67-72. doi:10.1080/07853890410018952


11 Diabetes UK. Research spotlight - what causes type 1 diabetes? (Diabetes UK, 2023) https://www.diabetes.org.uk/our- research/about-our-research/hot-topics/ what-causes-type-1


12 Wray NR, Goddard ME. Multi-locus models of genetic risk of disease. Genome Med. 2010;2(2):10. doi:10.1186/gm131


13 Oram RA, Patel K, Hill A et al. A Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Risk Score Can Aid Discrimination Between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Young Adults. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(3):337-344. doi:10.2337/dc15- 1111


14 Abraham G, Kowalczyk A, Zobel J, Inouye M. Performance and Robustness of Penalized and Unpenalized Methods for Genetic Prediction of Complex Human Disease. Genet Epidemiol. 2013;37(2):184- 195. doi:10.1002/gepi.21698


15 Sharp SA, Weedon MN, Hagopian WA, Oram RA. Clinical and research uses of genetic risk scores in type 1 diabetes. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2018;50:96-102. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2018.03.009


16 Redondo MJ, Geyer S, Steck AK et al. A Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Risk Score Predicts Progression of Islet Autoimmunity and Development of Type 1 Diabetes in Individuals at Risk. Diabetes Care. 2018; 41(9):1887-1894. doi:10.2337/dc18-0087


17 Sharp SA, Rich SS, Wood AR et al. Development and Standardization of an Improved Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Risk Score for Use in Newborn Screening and Incident Diagnosis. Diabetes Care. 2019; 42(2):200-207. doi:10.2337/dc18-1785


18 Thakkar S, Chopra A, Nagendra L, Kalra S, Bhattacharya S. Teplizumab in


Correct classification is essential to ensure correct treatment strategies are implemented which will in turn help to reduce the complications associated with diabetes.


Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Review. touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology. 2023;19(2):7. doi:10.17925/EE.2023.19.2.7


19 Herold KC, Gitelman SE, Gottlieb PA et al. Teplizumab: A Disease-Modifying Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes That Preserves β-Cell Function. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(10):1848-1856. doi:10.2337/dc23- 0675


20 Phelps NH, Singleton RK, Zhou B et al. Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population- representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2024;403(10431):1027-1050. doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(23)02750-2


21 Diabetes UK. Differences between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. (Diabetes UK, 2023) https://www.diabetes.org.uk/diabetes-the- basics/differences-between-type-1-and- type-2-diabetes


22 The Lancet Regional Health – Europe. Misdiagnosis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2023 Jun 2;29:100661. doi:10.1016/j. lanepe.2023.100661


23 Dhatariya K. Blood Ketones: Measurement, Interpretation, Limitations, and Utility in the Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis. The Review of Diabetic Studies. 2016;13(4):217-225. doi:10.1900/ RDS.2016.13.217


24 Riddle MC, Philipson LH, Rich SS et al. Monogenic Diabetes: From Genetic Insights to Population-Based Precision in Care. Reflections From a Diabetes Care Editors’ Expert Forum. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(12):3117-3128. doi:10.2337/ dci20-0065


25 Owen KR. Monogenic diabetes: old and new approaches to diagnosis. Clin


WWW.PATHOLOGYINPRACTICE.COM OCTOBER 2024


Med (Lond). 2013 Jun;13(3):278-281. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.13-3-278


26 Patel KA, Oram RA, Flanagan SE et al. Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Risk Score: A Novel Tool to Discriminate Monogenic and Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2016; 65(7):2094-2099. doi:10.2337/db15-1690


27 Diabetes UK. How Many People in the UK have Diabetes? (Diabetes UK, 2023) https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-us/ about-the-charity/our-strategy/statistics


28 Harrison JW, Tallapragada DSP, Baptist A et al. Type 1 diabetes genetic risk score is discriminative of diabetes in non- Europeans: evidence from a study in India. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):9450. doi:10.1038/ s41598-020-65317-1


29 Oram RA, Sharp SA, Pihoker C et al. Utility of Diabetes Type–Specific Genetic Risk Scores for the Classification of Diabetes Type Among Multiethnic Youth. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(5):1124-1131. doi:10.2337/ dc20-2872


Jason Armstrong BSc is Scientific Content Creator at Randox Laboratories. After achieving his degree in Biochemistry and beginning his career in an R&D laboratory, he


made the switch to pursue his passion in scientific communications. Jason has a background in the research and development of immunology, clinical chemistry and food diagnostic assays giving him an insight into the workings of a laboratory and what is required of an efficient and successful medical laboratory.


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+44 28 94422413 www.randox.com


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