Feed represents about 70% of the total cost of producing poultry.


improve energy and protein digestibility is a strategy to con- sider. In addition, the types of NSPs in the diet change from starter to finisher diets, so supplementing different types of carbohydrases offers a possible solution. In a typical feeding programme a protein source, such as soybean meal, will de- cline from starter to finisher, while the energy source of the diet, such as corn or wheat, will increase, leading to changes in the types of NSPs in the diet. Therefore, addressing this issue with only one type of enzyme throughout the feeding programme will only partially alleviate the problem. In some instances, the bird can only produce very small amounts of an enzyme. This is the case for phytase which must be


supplemented in the diet throughout the bird’s grow-out pe- riod. Phytases increase phytate breakdown and improve plant phosphorus absorption. The major benefit of using supplemental enzymes is to re- duce feed costs. Carbohydrase and protease use varies from region to region, depending on substrate availability and in- gredient quality. Average uplift values for carbohydrases are between 40 and 100 kcal/kg of feed. Phytases are able to pro- vide between 0.10% and 0.20% available phosphorus and 0.08% to 0.12% calcium in poultry diets. Enzymes enable the nutritionist to optimise feed utilisation while potentially reducing nutrient cost.


Table 1 – Relative NSPs (%) in feed ingredients.* Feed ingredient


Arabinoxylans Corn Wheat


Sorghum Barley


Soybean meal * Adapted from Ward 2014 30 ▶ POULTRY WORLD | No. 1, 2022


4.3 7.1 3.7 8.1 0.4


Cellulose


2.0 1.8 1.1 3.9 5.9


Pectins


0.9 0.4 0.4 0.5 9.1


Beta-glucans


0.3 0.6 0.1 4.3 0.7


Oligosaccharides


0.8 0.1 0.2 0.1 9.6


Total NSP


8.3


10.0 5.5


16.9 25.7


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