NUTRITION ▶▶▶
Managing poultry feed cost with probiotics
Energy is a major driver of feed cost in poultry production. Digestive microbiota play a central role in digestion and health. It is estimated that 5-30% of the total energy requirement in poultry is provided through microbial fermentation. Recent findings indicate how a probiotic bacteria enhances energy utilisation, giving an additional tool to manage ration costs.
BY JEAN BAPTISTE SOULA, AUDREY SACY, LALLEMAND ANIMAL NUTRITION A Crop
mong the different poultry feed components, en- ergy has always been a major feed cost. Attempts to reduce the energy can result in lower egg pro- duction and quality as these production elements
are widely influenced by dietary energy availability. Nutrition- ists formulate the diet depending on the potential laying ca- pacity of the breed, the hen’s age, the egg production target and the cost of available raw materials. Then the ration is adapted to specific farm conditions. Energy metabolism is in- fluenced by many factors linked to the bird’s health status. The gut microbiota plays a major role in both digestion and
Figure 1 - Impact of the gut microbiome on carbohydrates digestion.
AGV SCFA
Gizzard Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
Non starch Polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectic substances)
CARBOHYDRATES Starch, Dextrine, Oligosaccharides, Monosaccharides
Cæcum
health. Recent findings indicate dietary supplementation with Pediococcus acidilactici CNCM I-4622 (MA 18/5M)* can support feed efficiency and dietary energy utilisation.
Colon
Lactic acid
AGV SCFA
Cæcum
Fermentative digestion
Enzymatic and fermentative digestion
Absorption 70-95% of energy requirements
18
Fermentative digestion
5-30% of energy requirements
Gut function enhancer It is widely recognised that probiotics enhance gut micro- biota balance with positive effects on animal performance. In
▶ POULTRY WORLD | No. 6, 2020
Microbiota implication In poultry diets dietary carbohydrates represent the biggest contributor to energy. Carbohydrates and fiber mostly come from cereals (e.g. wheat, corn, rice) which represent about 60- 70% of a poultry feed formula. Simple carbohydrates, like starch, are digested through an enzymatic process in the small intestine. A fraction of carbohydrates, the non-starch polysaccharides, cannot be digested by enzymes and are evacuated to the next level of the gut, the caecum. There the gut microbiota can extract some of the energy through fer- mentation. The microbiota produces short chain fatty acids (SCFA) which provide additional energy to the host. An esti- mated 5-30% of the total energy requirement of poultry is provided by microbial fermentation in the gut (Figure 1). The microbiota also influences the host’s own enzymatic ac- tivity, proteic and lipidic metabolism, vitamin and mineral ab- sorption. Commensal Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are known to increase the endogenous enzymatic activity of pro- teases, trypsins and lipases. The host microbiota are also in- volved in the maturation and integrity of the intestinal cells, leading to higher nutrient absorption. Finally, a healthy mi- crobiota will also help to prevent the development of poten- tial pathogens in the gut and modulate immunity. Research has identified the different processes involved: improvement in gut maturity, anti-pathogen metabolite production, gut pH reduction, competitive exclusion, immunity enhancement and inflammation modulation. Altogether a healthy, well-bal- anced microbiota helps to protect the bird and enhance feed utilisation.
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