charide is a component of the outer membrane of E. coli, which acts as an immune system trigger. The LPS injections stimulate macrophages to generate pro-inflammatory cy- tokines including TNF-α. A single injection generates a re- sponse that peaks in about three hours. However, a series of injections and the continued presence of LPS in an animal’s system may more accurately imitate a prolonged clinical en- do-toxaemia challenge. The study used 495 piglets, nine replicates per treatment and lasted 42 days. During the first week of the trial, all piglets re- ceived the same diet (low sulphate based diet). Then piglets were switched to one of five different diets. Control piglets were unchallenged and fed 5, 16 and 50 mg/kg of Cu, Mn and Zn, respectively. The four treatments receiving a LPS chal- lenge consisted of two mineral sources (sulphate or hydroxy- chloride trace minerals) and two mineral levels (5, 16 and 50; or 10, 32 and 100 ppm of Cu, Mn, and Zn, respectively). Piglets received LPS injections on days 29, 31, 33 and 35. Blood samples, rectal temperatures (RT) and body weight (BW) were collected before injections started and three hours after the final LPS injection. Body weight was also measured weekly. Then, average daily gain (ADG), average feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency (G:F) were calculated. Blood was analysed for levels of TNF-α.
Study results and conclusions Before the LPS challenge (0-28 days), growth performance was similar for all pigs regardless of diet. Following the start of the LPS challenge (28-42 days), ADG was reduced by 12% and ADFI by 9% for challenged piglets compared to the con- trol group (P<0.001; see Figure 1). Furthermore, piglets fed hydroxychloride trace minerals had more ADG and ADFI than piglets fed sulphate diets (P>0.05). During the entire trial (7- 42 days), piglets administered LPS had reduced ADG (P=0.013) and ADFI (P=0.020) compared to piglets not ad- ministered LPS. Piglets fed hydroxychloride trace minerals had numerically more ADG (P=0.102) and ADFI (P=0.086) compared with piglets fed sulphate. Individual BW was re- duced (P=0.012) from the pre-injection period through three hours post-challenge and RT increased (P<0.001) for all chal- lenged treatments, meaning that piglets were in fact chal- lenged. However, piglets receiving higher levels of trace min- erals, regardless of the source, tended to have lower RT post-injection (P=0.044). Even before the LPS challenge, pig- lets fed diets with hydroxychloride trace minerals had lower TNF-α levels (P=0.018). After the LPS injections, TNF-α levels increased for all challenged pigs compared to the control group (P=0.003). However, piglets receiving hydroxychloride trace mineral diets tended to have lower levels of TNF-α (P=0.081) compared to those fed sulphate diets (see Figure 2). In conclusion, piglets fed IntelliBond trace minerals main- tained higher feed intake and growth when receiving a chronic LPS immune challenge. Piglets receiving low levels of
these trace minerals performed at an equivalent level com- pared with piglets receiving the high level of sulphate trace minerals. Higher levels of minerals may reduce the produc- tion of TNF-α in challenged piglets regardless of source. This may indicate a higher requirement due to immune system activation.
* Selko is a Trouw Animal Nutrition, NL brand.
* IntelliBond, Selko ▶PIG PROGRESS | Volume 36, No. 8, 2020 39 3 Hr
Nursery pigs ex- perience stress during weaning; in response to which cytokines are released to regulate inflammation.
PHOTO: TROUW NUTRITION/BART NIJS
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