NUTRITION ▶▶▶ Figure 1 -


FOS, GOS, XOS, AXOS, Raffinose, Stachyose, Verbascose


B-glucan, Pectins, Galactomannans, Guar gums, Fructans


RS1, RS2, RS3


Arabinogalactans, Arabinoxylan, Glucuronoxylans, Xyloglucans Galactomannans


Crude fiber ADF NDF iDF Fast Fermentable >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Slowly Fermentable >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Resistant


degraded is important for determining the physiological ef- fect and location of that effect in the gut. The complexity of dietary fibre, the microbiome, and the flow of information during fermentation is staggering.


Fibre fermentation is dynamic Deciphering the complexity of dietary fibre begins to tran- spire when a critical dietary component is taken into account: time. Nutritional studies in humans and animals have con- vincingly revealed that when to eat is as equally important as what to eat. (van Erp, 2019 – see page 21 ‘Night feeding in- creases fat deposition in pigs’). Since most all life processes are controlled by oscillating events of which eating time is a ma- jor cue to synchronise biochemical activities, it is not a stretch to visualise fermentation rates, which are extensions of eating time, modifying nutrient delivery rates and having an influence on such things as growth rate, energy partition- ing, reproduction, and general well-being of the animal. The goal is to match the nutrient requirements of the microbial species that are oscillating through the daily cycle (Sinturel et al., 2017; Parker et al., 2019; Uhr et al., 2019) and to ensure the appropriate nutrients are delivered at the proper mo- ment in the cycle. To apply this nutritional concept, a linear model must be developed that can accommodate a dynamic component while maintaining additivity.


Deciphering the dietary fibre message When kinetics of dietary fibre are incorporated into the un- derstanding of analytical data of ingredients, one can begin to unravel not only the response it will elicit in the gut, but also where and when dietary fibre will elicit a response in the gut. This new information helps enable the diet to maintain,


20 ▶ ALL ABOUT FEED | Volume 27, No. 9, 2019


and even boost vitality of farm animals and pets. In young animals, for example, utilisation of dietary fibre kinetics ac- complishes three goals. The first goal is to use rapidly fer- mentable dietary fibre to help smooth the transition of the young animal from mother’s milk, which also contains rapidly fermentable dietary fibre in the form of oligosaccharides and other carbohydrates. This rapid fermentation stimulates bi- fidogenic microbiota growth, competing with and reducing the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria. The second goal is to provide slowly fermentable dietary fibre to the young animal to maintain carbohydrate fermentation throughout the large intestine. The final goal is to optimise intestinal motility, laxa- tion, osmotic balance and stool quality through the utilisa- tion of dietary fibre that is resistant to fermentation. The ani- mal [host] receives little nourishment from resistant fibre, but without it, the intestinal tract would strain to move digesta. Dietary fibre and its fermentation rates and physical charac- teristics need to be in balance (synchronised via kinetics) to optimise the health of the animal.


Dietary fibre: Code cracked Dietary fibre plays a primary role in two key, yet understudied areas in animals: microbial populations and nutrient synchro- nisation. The mystery of the role of dietary fibre in the health of our animals begins to unravel when we add a new dimen- sion to linear diet formulation: time. Incorporation of time into ingredient characterisation enables a nutritionist to focus diet formulation on synchronisation of nutrient digestion, en- hanced microbial populations, and improved animal perfor- mance. Cracking the dietary fibre code improves general ani- mal health and performance which has the potential to result in improved economic gains.


Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides


Soluble Hemicellulose


Resistant Starch


Insoluble Hemicellulose


Cellulose


Lignin


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