31


scar diameter of the surface with rapeseed oil containing the two vegetable oil additives was lower when compared to the wear scar of the surface with rapeseed oil. The four-ball test was conducted accordingly to the ASTM D2783 standards. The top ball rotates at 1450 revolutions per minute for half an hour at room temperature. This test determined that the additives produced a low shear tribofi lm which helps reduce friction and wear [8]. Adsorbed layers cause metal-to-metal contact which produces shear-induced tribofi lm [9].


Tribofi lm


The addition of an ester group to a vegetable oil allows for the formation of a monolayer tribofi lm which prevents direct contact between the two metal surfaces [3]. The triacylglycerol structure of the vegetable oil reacts with the polar end of a contact surface which creates a multimolecular layer that results in tribofi lm [2].


The hydroxy thioether derivatives release sulfur which reacts with the surface and forms a thin tribofi lm layer. It was also determined that as the number of polar groups increases causes the sulfi de tribofi lm is more stable which reduces friction and increases antiwear properties. Additionally, at high temperatures, the triacylglycerol structure of the hydroxy thioether derivative forms acrolein fi lm. With the addition of the acrolein tribofi lm and sulfi de tribofi lm, there is an increase in antiwear, antifriction, and EP properties [2].


Conclusion


Vegetable oils when modifi ed can be effective lubricants, and in addition, as discussed in this paper, they can be effective additives as well. The triacylglycerol structure of the additives allows for the adsorption of metal. Additionally, the triacylglycerol structure also allows the formation of tribofi lm [10]. This tribofi lm allows for the reduction in wear and friction which allows for smoother operation in industrial applications.


In future applications, one might consider the application of vegetable oil additives in other industries that may not have a high risk of environmental impact. Other than being used in lubricants, vegetable oil can also be used to make polymers. Future research can be done on vegetable oil-based polymers and how they can be used in lubrication [10].


Author Contact Details


Dr. Raj Shah, Koehler Instrument Company • Holtsvile, NY 11742 USA • Email: rshah@koehlerinstrument.com • Web: www.koehlerinstrument.com Gleb Khlebutin, Stony Brook University • Sharon Lin, Stony Brook University •


Authors


Dr. Raj Shah is a Director at Koehler Instrument Company in New York, where he has worked for the last 27 years. He is an elected Fellow by his peers at IChemE, CMI, STLE, AIC, NLGI, INSTMC, Institute of Physics, The Energy Institute and The Royal Society of Chemistry. An ASTM Eagle award recipient, Dr. Shah recently coedited the bestseller, “Fuels and Lubricants handbook”, details of which are available at https://bit.ly/3u2e6GY


He earned his doctorate in Chemical Engineering from The Pennsylvania State University and is a Fellow from The Chartered Management Institute, London. Dr. Shah is also a Chartered Scientist with the Science Council, a Chartered Petroleum Engineer with the Energy Institute and a Chartered Engineer with the Engineering council, UK. Dr. Shah was recently granted the honorifi c of “Eminent engineer” with Tau beta Pi, the largest engineering society in the USA. He is on the Advisory board of directors at Farmingdale university (Mechanical Technology), Auburn Univ (Tribology) and Stony Brook University (Chemical engineering/ Material Science and engineering).


An Adjunct Professor at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, in the Department of Material Science and Chemical engineering, Raj also has over 475 publications and has been active in the petroleum industry for over 3 decades. More information on Raj can be found at https://bit.ly/3sayVgT


Mr. Blerim Gashi and Ms. Sharon Lin are Chemical Engineering students from SUNY, Stony Brook University, where Dr. Shah is the chair of the external advisory board of directors.


References


[1] Erhan, S; Adhvaryu, A; Sharma, B. (2007). Poly(Hydroxy Thioether) Vegetable Oil Derivatives useful as Lubricant Additives (U.S. Patent No. 7,279,448). U.S. Patent and Trademark Offi ce.


[2] Sharma, B. K., Adhvaryu, A., & Erhan, S. Z. (2009). Friction and wear behavior of thioether hydroxy vegetable oil. Tribology International, 42(2), 353–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. triboint.2008.07.004


[3] Sharma, B. K., Doll, K. M., & Erhan, S. Z. (2008). Ester hydroxy derivatives of methyl oleate: Tribological, oxidation and low temperature properties. Bioresource Technology, 99(15), 7333– 7340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.057


[4] Gerbig, Y., Ahmed, S. I.-U., Gerbig, F. A., & Haefke, H. (2006). Suitability of Vegetable Oils as Industrial Lubricants. Journal of Synthetic Lubrication, 21(3), 177–191. https://doi.org/https://doi. org/10.1002/jsl.3000210302


[5] Biswas, A., Sharma, B. K., Doll, K. M., Erhan, S. Z., Willett, J. L., & Cheng, H. N. (2009). Synthesis of an amine−oleate derivative using an ionic liquid catalyst. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(18), 8136–8141. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf901401s


[6] Clegg, B. (2020, May 7). Oleic acid. Chemistry World. Retrieved January 21, 2022, from https://www.chemistryworld.com/ podcasts/oleic-acid/4011684.article


[7] Quinchia, L. A., Delgado, M. A., Franco, J. M., Spikes, H. A., & Gallegos, C. (2012). Low-temperature fl ow behaviour of vegetable oil-based lubricants. Industrial Crops and Products, 37(1), 383–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.12.021


[8] You, J., Li, F., & Huang, Y. (2010). Tribological Performance of Two Potential Environmentally Friendly Ashless Vegetable Oil Additives. China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Technologies, 12(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/http://www. chinarefi ning.com/EN/abstract/abstract1.shtml


[9] Furlong, O., Miller, B., Kotvis, P., Adams, H., & Tysoe, W. T. (2014). Shear and thermal effects in boundary fi lm formation during sliding. RSC Adv., 4(46), 24059–24066. https://doi. org/10.1039/c4ra03519d


[10] Samarth, N. B., & Mahanwar, P. A. (2015). Modifi ed vegetable oil based additives as a future polymeric material—review. Open Journal of Organic Polymer Materials, 05(01), 1–22. https://doi. org/10.4236/ojopm.2015.51001


Sharon Lin


Blerim Gashi


Raj Shah


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