Air Clean-Up


First Industrial-Scale Plant for CO2 Storage by Algae In the Chinese province Shandong, a coal-fired power plant will be putting into operation the first


industrial-scale plant worldwide for CO2 storage by algae. Within the framework of this project, GEA Westfalia Separator (Germany) has been awarded a contract to the amount of around one million Euros for three high-performance separators for harvesting and washing the algae.


Algae are the most important CO2 consumers on our planet; one kilogramme of dry algae biomass is capable of storing approx. two kilogrammes of CO2 and releases simultaneously 1.6 kilogrammes of oxygen. In this case, the algae are cultivated by feeding purified flue gas from


the coal-fired power plant into the algae suspension. The algae convert the CO2, contained in it into proteins, lipids and carbohydrates with the aid of sunlight. The separators from GEA


Westfalia Separator Group handle the core process of harvesting the algae biomass, concentrating it by the factor 50 and washing it with fresh water in a second stage. The algae are finally dried and used as high-grade proteins, for example, as an animal feed additive.


Storage of approx. 2500 kilogrammes CO2 per day is possible with the three separators.


This special separator design of the GEA Westfalia Separator Group is already used in other algae purification processes and is already well established in algae biotechnology. This process


makes it possible on the one hand to reduce air pollution and to store CO2 to slow down global warming. Second, there is a positive cost effect. The process pays off within a few years since both revenue is generated through trading with CO2 certificates as well as selling


animal feed. Reader Reply Card No 72


Rainwater Harvesting Systems Add to CO2 Emissions


A UK study into rainwater harvesting (RWH) and greywater recycling (GWR) systems reveals that those systems in fact add to


the energy use and CO2 emissions of homes, according to the NHBC Foundation.


The increase in greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to the manufacture, installation, operational energy and carbon intensities of the systems in comparison to mains water. The research finds that the emissions increase can be as much as 100 per cent.


The findings call for vital developments in RWH and GWR


technologies and hint to necessary reviews of the government’s water efficiency policy. This is particularly relevant in light of encouragement for these technologies through the Code for Sustainable Homes and Part G of the Building Regulations.


The Energy and Carbon Implications of Rainwater Harvesting


and Greywater Recycling report was published in August and researched by the UK’s Environment Agency with support from the NHBC Foundation and the Energy Saving Trust.


Linde to Build Industrial-Scale Air Separation Units for Steel Manufacturer Tisco in China


The technology group The Linde Group (Germany) has won a deal to build two industrial-scale air separation units for the steel corporation Taiyuan Iron & Steel Company Limited (TISCO) at its Taiyuan site in the northern province of Shanxi in China. The contract, recently closed by both parties, places a total investment figure of around EUR 100 million on the project. The project will be managed by the 50/50 gases joint venture set up by Linde and TISCO, BOC-TISCO Gases.


“This investment builds on the successful collaboration already established between both companies in air separation,” said Dr Aldo Belloni, Member of the Executive Board of Linde AG. “Since the BOC-TISCO Gases joint venture was founded in 1996, we have been jointly meeting the entire gas needs of the Taiyuan site. We are of course delighted to add two new state-of-the-art air separation units to the existing infrastructure. This new on-site deal not only underscores our leading position in the Chinese gases market, it also provides proof of concept for our focused growth strategy in emerging markets.”


Linde’s Engineering Division will construct the two new air separation units (ASUs) for BOC-TISCO Gases. With an hourly capacity of 60,000 normal cubic metres (Nm3


The new air separators will thus supply the steelworks with a more energy-efficient flow of gaseous oxygen. Over the coming years, the new units will double oxygen capacity from around 110,000 Nm3


/h today to a new total of 220,000 Nm3 /h.


TISCO operates one of the world’s largest integrated industrial complexes in Taiyuan. This latest investment to evolve the gas supply facilities falls under the umbrella of TISCO’s multifaceted modernisation strategy aimed at improving the energy efficiency of its production plants. The company wants to balance future growth with energy conservation and an improved CO2 balance. In addition to building the new ASUs, Linde will also be delivering various oxyfuel-enabled gas applications for different furnace


processes. With oxyfuel, combustion air in the furnace is replaced with oxygen-enriched air or pure oxygen. This increases furnace throughput, also cutting fuel consumption and emissions.


Reader Reply Card No 73 /h) of gaseous oxygen per plant, they rank among the largest and most modern ASUs in China.


Neil Smith, NHBC Foundation’s Research Manager, said: “Both the Code and Part G apply universally regardless of whether homes are being built in watery Kendal with its 1500mm annual rainfall or arid Chelmsford with its mere 625mm. Is that logical?


“Whilst we may all agree that it makes sense to save water, is rainwater harvesting really the best way to do it?”


The study was conducted with the help of RWH and GWR system suppliers who were identifying a number of generic systems. These systems were assessed against selected building types including houses, flats, a hotel, an office building and a school.


Carbon footprints were then calculated over 15, 30 and 60


year system lifetimes plus four scenarios to explore the effects of future changes.


An exemplary calculation highlights the carbon emissions


of an average 90m² house with a RWH system including a polyethylene tank: over 30 years the total carbon footprint is approximately 1.25 – 2 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent.


The research points out that there is scope for many


technology improvements for systems to reduce their carbon footprints. Storage tanks, pumps and treatment system account for a large proportion of the embodied carbon footprint of rainwater systems but technological changes in these parts could result in significant carbon reductions.


Reader Reply Card No 74


Breakthrough Catalyst Filter Technology Controls PM, SO2, HCl, NOx and Dioxins Tri-Mer Corporation (USA) has announced a significant advancement in the control of NOx at temperatures as low as 350o


F. UltraCat Catalyst Filters provide


up to 95% NOx removal at the operating temperatures of most industrial boilers. Dioxins are also destroyed by the catalyst at 97-99% efficiency. For carbon monoxide (CO), a successful strategy for meeting the Boiler MACT is to tune boiler combustion to lower the CO output. While this can increase


NOx production, the additional NOx is easily removed by the UltraCat filters. Often NOx requirements are already in place due to other Federal and State air regulations.


(2.0 mg/Nm3


Along with high NOx and dioxin removal, UltraCat filters capture particulate to exceptionally low levels. Typical outlet levels are less than 0.001 grains/dscf ). For boiler MACT compliance, a level of 0.002 lbs/MMBtu is typical, and less than 0.004lb/MMBtu is guaranteed. This is significantly better than


what is required by the proposed Boiler MACT for new biomass boilers or existing biomass and coal boilers.


For efficient control of SO2, HCl, and other acid gases, the UltraCat system incorporates dry sorbent injection using sodium bicarbonate or lime. The result is 90-98% removal of these contaminants. With very few exceptions, these efficiencies will meet regulatory limits. Mercury removal options are also available.


UltraCat Catalyst Filters are manufactured from the combining of advanced, fibrous ceramics with nano-bits of NOx catalyst. The catalyst is embedded throughout the 3/4" filter walls. This creates a very high surface area of catalyst to interact with the gas flow. Urea or aqua ammonia is injected upstream of the


filters, reacts with the NOx on the catalyst surfaces, and forms harmless nitrogen gas and water vapor. The proprietary catalyst formulation is highly resistant to sulfur poisoning. And because the nano-catalysts are embedded in the filter walls, they are protected from boiler fly ash and sorbent injection particulate. The Tri-Mer system is modeled on a robust, proven baghouse configuration and uses a reverse pulse-jet cleaning action. It is designed for simplicity of


operation, maintenance, and low operating cost. The All-in-One nature of the system results in lower initial cost than alternatives that utilise multiple pieces of equipment.


UltraCat Catalyst Filters are a low-cost solution for Boiler MACT compliance, for low temperature NOx control, and for the efficient removal of PM, SO2, HCl and dioxins. Tri-Mer provides turnkey engineering, manufacturing, installation, controls integration, commissioning, and service.


Reader Reply Card No 75


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www.pollutionsolutions-online.com • Annual Buyers’ Guide 2011


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