RBM Kidney Toxicity Panels for the quantification of kidney toxicity and kidney injury markers in urine samples. The panels are compatible with the Bio-Plex MAGPIX™ Multiplex Reader.
Sample handling Most clinical chemistry analyzers use discrete analysis, rather than continu-
ous flow analysis. In discrete analysis, samples are separated into different reaction containers, each with the appropriate reagent, allowing for mul- tiple tests to be run on the same sample.
Other types of analysis method refer to the methods of loading the sample and the flexibility of assay choice for each sample and include batch, random, continuous, and STAT analysis. These methods are out- lined in Table 1.
Batch analysis is the ability to run a large number of samples in one run. Random and continuous access machines are more flexible for quick turn- around times. STAT machines have a sequence interrupt feature that gives precedence to urgent samples.
Throughput Throughput is measured in tests per hour, but the rate varies depending
on the test method. Because colorimetric tests have short incuba- tion times, they are often quoted for high-throughput machines. The throughput rate for ISE is quoted separately. For example, the BioLis 24i from Carolina Liquid Chemistries Corp. (Winston-Salem, NC; www.
carolinachemistries.com) has a throughput of 240 photometric plus 160 ISE tests/hr, resulting in a total throughput of up to 400 tests/hr.
A high-volume hospital laboratory may require very high throughput. The recently released AU5800 from Beckman Coulter (Fullerton, CA; www.
beckmancoulter.com) has a capacity of 400 samples and a maximum throughput of 9800 tests/hr and up to 1800 ISE tests/hr.
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biohazardous materials, and walkaway capability. Onboard refrigerated reagent storage, connection to a water supply, and automated recalibration allow for long periods of intervention-free operation.
In some clinical settings, the analysis speed is more important than a high- throughput rate. The pHOx Ultra from Nova Biomedical (Waltham, MA;
www.novabiomedical.com) gives up to 20 critical care tests in 2 min. Other partial test panels are available in less than 1 min.
Automation Clinical chemistry analyzers are highly automated for speed, consis-
tency of results, avoidance of contamination, protection of operators from
Table 1 – Methods of sample loading and flexibility of assay choice Type of analysis Sample loading Batch
Large number of samples loaded at once
Random batch Large number of samples loaded at once Random access Any number of samples loaded in any order Continuous access Samples loaded and added at any time STAT
Check the maintenance and calibration requirements for your chosen ana- lyzer. How often do the reagents need to be replaced and how easy is the process of replacing them?
The automated features in the Konelab PRIME models (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Asheville, NC;
www.thermoscientific.com) include automated clot detection, reflex testing capability to trigger a new specific test to be run, and an automated sample pretreatment feature, e.g., eliminating the
Assay choice
Samples loaded and added at any time, with option for urgent samples to take precedence
One assay on all samples in batch Multiple assays on all samples in batch Any or multiple assays on individual samples Any or multiple assays on individual samples Any or multiple assays run on
STAT sample before any other loaded assays AMERICAN LABORATORY • 21 • JUNE/JULY 2013
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