Method
Focal mechanisms Breakouts
Drilling-induced fractures Borehole slotter Overcoring
Hydraulic fractures Geological indicators
Regime Thrust fault
Unknown (2003) World Stress Map
>World stress map. Stress data are compiled from a variety of sources and displayed on stress maps. Downhole measurements, such as borehole breakout and induced-fracture data, are an important source of this stress information. Hydraulic-fracturing data are also useful but often contain no stress orientation details.
A Need To Know
Proper sand management seeks to optimize the completion of wells with sand-production problems. Accomplishing this goal requires understanding the reservoir and the forces that affect formation stability.
Earth-stress data have been compiled from a variety of sources. The magnitude and orienta- tion of horizontal stresses can be displayed on local or global stress maps (above).12
The pre- dominant source of horizontal stress information
4. Nouri A, Vaziri H, Belhaj H and Islam R: “ A Comprehensive Approach to Modeling Sanding During Oil Production,” paper SPE 81032, presented at the SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, West Indies, April 27–3 0, 2003.
5. Andersen MA: Petroleum Research in North Sea Chalk. Stavanger, Norway: Rogaland Research, 1995.
6. Nicholson ED, Goldsmith G and Cook JM: “ Direct Observation and Modeling of Sand Production Processes in Weak Sandstone,” paper SPE/ISRM 47328, presented at the SPE/ISRM Eurock 98, Trondheim, Norway, July 8–1 0, 1998.
Spring 2004 7. Carlson J, Gurley D, King G, Price-Smith C and Waters F:
“ Sand Control: Why and How?” Oil• eld Rev iew 4, no. 4 (October 1992): 41– 53.
8. Han G, Dusseault MB and Cook J: “ Quantifying Rock Capillary Strength Behavior in Unconsolidated Sandstones,” paper SPE/ISRM 78170, presented at the SPE/ISRM Rock Mechanics Conference, Irving, Texas, USA, October 20– 23, 2002.
Hawkins AB and McConnell BJ: “ Sensitivity of Sand- stone Strength and Deformability to Changes in Moisture Content,” Qu arterly Jou rnal of Engineering Geology 25 (1992): 115– 130.
Dyke CG and Dobereiner L: “ Evaluating the Strength and Deformability of Sandstones,” Qu arterly Jou rnal of Engineering Geology 24 (1991): 123– 134.
West G: “ Effect of Suction on the Strength of Rock,” Qu arterly Jou rnal of Engineering Geology 27 (1994): 51– 56.
9. Tif• n DL, Stein MH and Wang X: “ Drawdown Guidelines for Sand Control Completions,” paper SPE 84495, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA, October 5– 8, 2003.
10. Palmer I, Vaziri H, Willson S, Moschovidis Z, Cameron J and Ispas I: “ Predicting and Managing Sand Production: A New Strategy,” paper SPE 84499, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA, October 5– 8, 2003.
Vaziri H, Barree B, Xiao Y, Palmer I and Kutas M:
“ What Is the Magic of Water in Producing Sand?” paper SPE 77683, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, USA, September 29– October 2, 2002.
Vaziri HH, Lemoine E, Palmer ID, McLennan J and Islam R: “ How Can Sand Production Yield a Several-Fold Increase in Productivity: Experimental and Field Data,” paper SPE 63235, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, USA, October 1– 4, 2000.
11. Acock A, Heitmann N, Hoover S, Malik BZ, Pitoni E, Riddles C and Solares JR: “ Screenless Methods to Control Sand,” Oil• eld Rev iew 15, no. 1 (Spring 2003): 38– 53.
Riddles C, Acock A and Hoover S: “ Rigless, Screenless Completions Solve Sand Control Problems in Two Offshore Fields,” Offshore 62, no. 6 (June 2002): 48– 50, 98.
Pitoni E, Ripa G and Heitmann N: “ Rigless, Screenless Completions Solve Sand Control Problems in Two Offshore Fields,” Offshore 62, no. 7 (July 2002): 64– 68, 109.
12. Reinecker J, Heidbach O and Mueller B. The 2003 release of the World Stress Map is available online at
www.world-stress-map.org (accessed February 18, 2004).
Normal fault Strike slip
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