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Explorer VOL. 15 NO. 4 VOL. 9 NO. 4 DEVELOPMENT TEAM


Vice President and Publisher: Francis Downey Executive Editor: Richard Easby Creative Director: Karen Thompson Explorer Editor: Brenna Maloney Young Explorer Editor: Corinne Rucker Permissions Editor: Jean Cantu Production Specialist: Dreama Karnes-Bynane


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Director of Production: Nicole Elliott


PUBLISHED BY NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC LEARNING


NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER (ISSN 1541-3357) is published seven times during the school year—September, October, November–December, January–February, March, April, May— by National Geographic Learning, 1125 17th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20036. Postmaster: Please send address changes to NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER, PO Box 37863 Boone, IA 50037-28633. Periodical postage paid at Washington, D.C., and additional mailing offi ces.


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Copyright © 2016 National Geographic Learning. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction of the whole or any part of the contents of NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER without written permission is prohibited. National Geographic, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER, and the Yellow Border are trademarks of the National Geographic Society.


Cover: Pepper, a robot 11/15/QGL/1 ISBN: 9781337084024


PICTURE CREDITS COVER: AP PHOTO/KOJI SASAHARA; COVER BACKGROUND: DRAGAN85/SHUTTERSTOCK; PAGES 2-3, 4-9 (BACKGROUND) DOUGLAS KLUG/GETTY IMAGES; PAGES 4-5 JOE DOVALA/GETTY IMAGES; PAGE 5 DOUGLAS KLUG/GETTY IMAGES; PAGE 6 © GEORGETTE DOUWMA/NATUREPL.COM; PAGE 7 (TOP) BRIAN J. SKERRY/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CREATIVE; PAGE 7 (BOTTOM) © PASCAL KOBEH/NATUREPL.COM; PAGE 8 COPYRIGHT © BRANDON COLE, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED; PAGE 9 © ALASKA STOCK/ AGE FOTOSTOCK; PAGES 10-11 AP PHOTO/KOJI SASAHARA; PAGES 10-15 (BACKGROUND) DRAGAN85/SHUTTERSTOCK; PAGES 12-13 GH1/JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY/WENN.CO/NEWSCOM; PAGE 13 COURTESY OF MEDTECH; PAGE 14 (TOP) © KIM KYUNG- HOON/REUTERS/CORBIS; PAGE 14 (BOTTOM) RIKEN; PAGE 15 © GREGORY MILLER; PAGE 16 (LEMUR) KAREN HADLEY/SHUTTER- STOCK; (GOLDFISH) ULTRASHOCK/SHUTTERSTOCK; (HUMAN EYES) YURI ARCURS/SHUTTERSTOCK; (FROG) SASCHA BURKARD/ SHUTTERSTOCK; (MANTIS) AAAAH/SHUTTERSTOCK; PAGES 16-17 (CAT) MARTIN GARNHAM/SHUTTERSTOCK; PAGE 17 (OWL) DAFNE/SHUTTERSTOCK; (SNAIL) ALEX KUZOVLEV/SHUTTERSTOCK; (CHAMELEON) ERIC ISSELEE/SHUTTERSTOCK; (RODENT) LOCKSTOCKBOB/SHUTTERSTOCK; PAGES 18-19 © ERIC BACCEGA/AGE FOTOSTOCK; PAGE 18 © BLEND IMAGES/ALAMY; PAGE 19 (SKY) SERG64/SHUTTERSTOCK; (BIRD) KRISTIAN SEKULIC/SHUTTERSTOCK; (ART) PRECISION GRAPHICS; PAGE 20 © OSF/DAVID HARING/ANIMALS ANIMALS; PAGE 21 (TOP) IVANAGOTT/SHUTTERSTOCK; PAGE 21 (BOTTOM) ALEKSANDR DOODKO/SHUTTER- STOCK; PAGE 22 (TOP) © PIOTR NASKRECKI/MINDEN PICTURES/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CREATIVE; PAGE 22 (CENTER) © CHRIS NEWBERT/MINDEN PICTURES/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CREATIVE; PAGE 22 (BOTTOM) VICTOR SHOVA/SHUTTERSTOCK; PAGE 23 HUIB THEUNISSEN/SHUTTERSTOCK; PAGE 24 © THOMAS MARENT/MINDEN PICTURES.


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