in soybean meal, corn, and SPC ground to 70 μm, 180 μm, or 2 mm. In the third experiment, 160 pigs (initial BW: 7.06 ± 1.07 kg) were used to determine the effects on growth performance and blood characteristics of including SPC-200 at 5%, 8% or 13% in diets fed to weanling pigs at the expense of plasma protein and fish meal. A 2-phase feeding program was used, with weeks 1 and 2 as phase 1 and weeks 3 and 4 as phase 2. Pigs were fed one of four diets during phase 1, whereas all pigs were fed a common diet in phase 2. On the last day of phase 1, two blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of one pig per pen. Tumour necrosis fac- tor- α (TNF- α), IgG, and peptide YY (PYY) were measured in plasma samples. Daily feed allotments were recorded and data were summarised to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F ratio for each treatment group.
Results The SID of Lys and Thr tended (P < 0.10) to be greater in SPC- 200 compared with soybean meal (Table 1). Greater (P < 0.05) SID of Arg, Phe, and Tyr was observed in SPC-80 and SPC-200 compared with fish meal, but with the exception of Arg and Trp, there were no differences on SID of other AA among SPC- 80, SPC-200, and SPC-600. However, a greater SID of CP and most AA was observed in SPC-80, SPC-200, and SPC- 600 than in SBM, indicating that AA in SPC ground at 80 μm, 200 µm or 2 mm are well digested by weanling pigs. On an as-fed basis, the SPC-200 contained more (P < 0.05) DE than corn, soybean meal and fish meal, but no differences between SPC-200, SPC-80 and SPC-600 were observed (Table 2). However, on a DM basis, no differences among the six experimental ingredients were observed. The concentration of DE and ME of SPC calculated in this experiment were less than the values reported by Zhang et al. (2013) and NRC (2012), which may be a result of the greater concentration of ADF and NDF in the sources used in this experiment. The lack of differences in DE and ME among SPC-80, SPC-200, and SPC-600, indicated that the particle size used in this experi- ment did not affect DE and ME values.
Growth performance in young pigs The growth performance of pig fed diets containing 5% SPC- 200, 8% SPC-200, or 13.25% SPC-200 was not different. Likewise, replacing plasma protein, or fish meal or both plas- ma protein and fish meal by 5, 8, or 13.25% SPC-200 had no impact on growth performance in phase 1, in phase 2, or in the combined phase 1 and 2 (Table 3). The concentration of TNF- α, PYY, IgG, and BUN, were also not affected by the diets. Thus, results of the experiment indicate that SPC-200 may replace either blood plasma, fish meal, or both blood plasma and fish meal in diets fed to weanling pigs without affecting growth performance or indicators for pro-inflammatory immune parameters or general metabolism of pigs. Thus, it appears that diets based on soybean meal and SPC-200 may be used during the initial two weeks post-weaning and that no animal proteins are needed during this time if SPC-200 is included in the diet.
References available on request.
Table 1 – Standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in soybean meal, SPC-80, SPC-200, SPC-600 and fish meal by weanling pigs.
Item CP
Indispensable AA Arg His Ile
Leu Lys
Met Phe Thr Trp Val
Mean
Soybean meal SPC-80 83.87c
94.45b 87.79 87.11b 86.83b 85.34 89.36 86.40c 84.72 87.29c 86.15 87.70
97.37a 92.26 91.45a 91.53a 90.33 92.11 92.59a 88.95
93.60ab 90.46 92.17
90.52ab
SPC-200 91.53a
97.77a 93.40 92.47a 92.56a 92.74 91.03 93.43a 90.87 94.52a 91.49 93.13
SPC-600 87.45abc
94.81b 90.11
89.54ab 90.84a 89.94 88.77
90.67ab 88.26
89.84bc 88.52 89.99
Fish meal 85.89bc
92.73b 89.47
90.04ab 91.27a 91.07 90.29
88.70bc 91.88
92.94ab 89.64 9085
SEM 1.83
1.01 1.53 1.25 1.14 1.74 1.38 1.12 1.82 1.42 1.49 1.33
P-value < 0.05
< 0.01 0.090
< 0.05 < 0.05 0.078 0.254
< 0.01 0.097
< 0.05 0.118 0.052
a-c Within a row, means followed by the same or no superscript letter are not different (P > 0.05).
Table 2 – Concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolisable energy (ME) in corn, soybean meal, SPC-80, SPC-200, SPC-600 and fish meal.
Ingredient Item
As-fed basis DE, kcal/kg ME, kcal/kg
DM basis DE, kcal/kg ME, kcal/kg
Corn
3,407b 3,346
3,990 3,919
Soybean meal
3,618b 3,305
4,021 3,672
SPC-80
3,750ab 3,528
3,914 3,683
SPC-200
3,985a 3,704
4,198 3,903
SPC-600
3,985a 3,658
4,233 3,886
Fish meal SEM
3,593b 3,424
3,949 3,763
122 144
132 156
P-value
< 0.05 0.291
0.410 0.758
a-cWithin a row, means without a common superscript letter are different (P < 0.05).
Table 3 – Growth performance of pigs fed the control diet or diets containing SPC-2001
. Item,
Phase 1, d 0 – 14 ADG, kg ADFI, kg G:F
Phase 2, d 14 -28 ADG, kg ADFI, kg G:F
Overall, d 0 – 28 ADG, kg ADFI, kg G:F
Control
0.146 0.213 0.689
0.504 0.661 0.761
0.325 0.437 0.743
8% SPC-200
0.149 0.204 0.726
0.546 0.728 0.736
0.347 0.469 0.741
5% SPC-200
0.135 0.193 0.699
0.507 0.686 0.738
0.321 0.443 0.725
13% SPC-200
0.140 0.208 0.673
0.525 0.702 0.746
0.332 0.455 0.728
SEM
0.009 0.008 0.033
0.022 0.024 0.012
0.014 0.015 0.016
P – value
0.744 0.424 0.722
0.524 0.303 0.553
0.593 0.453 0.829
1Each least squares mean represents 8 observations.
* All three authors are affiliated to the Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois. Gloria Casas is also affiliated to Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
PIGLETS - JULY/AUGUST 2016 33
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