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for many reasons, including unpredictable rainfall patterns, market price hikes, limited community and household assets, and limited alternative livelihood options. The population is susceptible to shocks, having expe- rienced poor harvests in 2009, pockets of flooding in 2010, and signifi- cantly below-average harvests again in 2011, due in part to pest attacks and erratic rainfall. These events have depleted stocks and led to food shortages, leaving households vulnerable to future disasters. Taking an integrated approach, Concern aims to deliver a range of


projects addressing multiple needs, coordinating across sectors to achieve common goals. Success will be measured in terms of household wealth via proxies such as livestock ownership and household assets. In turn, greater wealth is expected to lead to increased dietary diversity, less reli- ance on negative coping strategies, and increased food security. Improve- ments in health and nutrition will be measured through improved practic- es related to child health and behavior, while improvements in water and sanitation will be measured through increased access to potable water and latrines. The impact of the program will be reflected in improvements in the nutritional status of children and maternal health. The first part of the program aims to provide an integrated pack-


age to build long-term community resilience. It focuses on four key intervention areas (Figure 4.2) with social and behavior change as a critical ingredient of all four. Resilience-building components of the program include the following:


1. Improving agricultural production and diversifying livelihoods and assets (promoting conservation agriculture and homestead gardening, improving soil fertility, supporting extension and community animal health workers, and promoting links between farmers and markets).


2. Improving access to health services through community health out- reach, community case management and care groups, effective management of moderate acute malnutrition, and stronger manage- ment of the formal health system.


3. Increasing access to safe water and promoting improved sanitation and sanitary practices at the community level.


4. Working with community groups at all levels, including establishing overall apex bodies such as Village Development Committees for bet- ter governance, to enhance their capacities and to ensure that wom- en participate fully. This will involve working closely with communi- ty leaders and trying to change their attitudes and behaviors. One output will be a disaster management plan.


5. Promoting social and behavior change among those Concern works with, across all parts of the program. This includes changing child feeding


In normal years with no shocks


practices, encouraging better hand-washing techniques, and changing how farmers plant their crops using conservation agriculture techniques.


The second part of the program includes a comprehensive communi- ty-based early warning system that identifies thresholds for key indica- tors that signal the need for an emergency response. In the first instance, the community will activate its own disaster management plans. After that, the program will initiate a response, strengthening capacities for conducting market analysis and nutrition surveys, get- ting systems in place to scale up cash aid, creating a system for imme- diate distribution of emergency supplies, creating village maps that identify the most vulnerable to shock, and formulating a strategy to scale up staff capacity. The early warning system links primary data


FIGURE 4.2 LINKING HUMANITARIAN AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMING IN AN INTEGRATED MANNER


Package to build community resilience Interventions, including social and behavior change, to achieve the following: >Improved agricultural production and diversification of livelihoods for the extreme poor


>Access to safe and sustainable water services and sanita- tion facilties/improved hygiene practices


>Access to and use of high-quality health and nutrition services >Strengthened community organizations and the increased participation of women


In all years Early warning system In years when indicators pass the


threshold triggering an emergency response


Emergency response


Improved health, nutrition, and livelihood security for rural population, and improved resilience to shocks


Source: Concern Worldwide. 2013 Global Hunger Index | Chapter 04 | Building Community Resilience to Undernutrition 43


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