FIGURE 3.2 TRENDS IN FOOD AID RECEIPTS, 1988–2011
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
5 Horn of Africa Source: Authors’ calculations, based on WFP (2013).
Notes: Per capita estimates = food aid receipts/total rural population, from World Bank (2013b), assuming the vast majority of food aid recipients are rural. Data are averaged over four-year periods to reduce the volatility in the series. Data are measured in kilograms of grain equivalent. As a proxy for national-level resilience, food aid receipts come with caveats. One obvious problem with food aid receipts as an indicator of resilience is that the amount of food aid may reflect the donors’ or recipients’ influence or political clout, and not just need. Another problem is that the indicator is volatile by its very nature, though we partly control for this here by taking four-year averages of the data.
Sahel Malawi Zambia Bangladesh
1988 – 1991 1992 – 1995 1996 – 1999 2000 – 2003 2004 – 2007 2008 – 2011
Sindhu Kumbruka Rayagada District, India
“We have been asserting our rights to the forest and filing for recognition of our community and individual forest rights. We have begun regenerating more than 4,000 hectares of degraded forest.”
Figure 3.2 shows three countries and two subregions that score high on the 2013 Global Hunger Index and are exposed to weather shocks, along with their food aid receipts as a proxy for resilience over time. The food aid data reflect the standard narrative of “per- manent crisis” in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa, where food aid receipts were roughly as large in 2008–2011 as they were about 20 years ago. In contrast, Malawi and Zambia (two countries where controversial fertilizer subsidy programs have greatly expanded maize production) have seen improvements in recent years, though questions remain about whether these efforts can be sustained. And finally, Bangladesh has achieved a remarkable reduction in food aid dependency. Its 85 percent drop in food aid receipts from the ear- ly 1990s to 2008–2011 is consistent with the country’s dramatic economic and social achievements (Economist 2012), including rap- id agricultural growth (through new crop varieties and other modern inputs), sharp reductions in fertility rates, dramatic expansion in education (especially for females), a microfinance revolution, and sustained job creation outside of agriculture.
30 Understanding Resilience for Food and Nutrition Security | Chapter 03 | 2013 Global Hunger Index
Food aid (kg) per capita in rural areas
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