Technical
“The development and implementation of a pest management plan requires planning, a keen and fully experienced eye and, most importantly, knowledge of your facility and its needs”
level that is acceptable in order to deliver the requirements of your facility. This level is often known as the threshold level. On any sportsturf facility, the way in which it looks is important, but playability is the main focus. Therefore, the pest threshold level for golf putting greens is vastly different to that of golf course roughs.
The aim of an IPM programme is frequent, careful monitoring of pest activity. If the monitoring programme is successful, pests can be detected early and controlled before the threshold level is exceeded. By keeping good records of previous pest activity, managers will know where and when to look for subsequent issues.
damage below an acceptable level. The use of the techniques will result in effective pest control with reduced impact on the environment. It is important to understand that it is not chemical-free management, however, a successful IPM programme will result in more efficient use of pesticides, which usually means a reduction in their use. IPM involves establishing a pest threshold level that is consistent with the intended function of the sportsturf, thorough on site monitoring and record keeping and consideration of different pest control measures. Together, these components form the basis for the decision making process that will determine the success of any IPM programme.
The aim of an IPM programme is to keep pest populations or damage at a
The various pest control options used in the programme include cultural, biological, genetic and chemical. Cultural practices could include the use of certified seed to reduce the introduction of weeds into a newly established turf. Many sportsturf managers are working to a lower pH in order to deter the threat of worm and disease activity. Without doubt, good management techniques, including correct irrigation, nutrient input and appropriate routine maintenance procedures, also contribute in a not unsubstantial way to pest invasion and control; getting the basics right is often fundamental in pest control. Biological pest control methods include using parasitic or other biological options to control turfgrass pests. Biological solutions include bacteria, fungi or nematodes. These options are very effective, particularly the use of live parasitic nematodes to control grub invasion.
I have personally experienced one such serious situation where a golf course was in danger of losing visitor and membership business through chafer grub damage to prime in play areas. The introduction of parasitic nematodes clearly had a dramatic and successful impact on their populations, thereby alleviating the damage to the golf course and its business.
Genetic control solutions include using pest-resistant grass seed species and varieties. Although no grass species or
variety is immune to all diseases and insects, some are better able to withstand damage from certain pests than others. Chemical control with conventional pesticides is also an important part of an IPM programme. It is essential to choose the correct pesticide for the target pest, and to apply pesticides only when necessary. It is also vitally important to vary pesticides so that pests are less likely to develop resistance to the chemical. It is worth remembering, however, that prediction and preventative measures are far better than waiting for the disease to show or even to get to an advanced stage before treating. If you can see damage, the disease will be well established within your turf. This is where a good and accurate IPM is useful and can help you predict likely ‘at risk’ periods where you may consider preventative action. There are some steps you can consider in order to develop an IPM programme. The first is assessing site conditions and characteristics, followed by making a survey of pests, determining pest response threshold levels, developing a monitoring and record-keeping programme and, finally, making the decisions that lead to the selection of control options.
When assessing site conditions, the objective is to collate all site-related information that can affect the health of your grass plants, and the degree to which they can withstand pest infestation.
During the site assessment, you should examine the amount of shade present, the density of woodland or other barriers surrounding the grass surfaces that may restrict air movement, soil fertility, soil compaction, drainage, the current cultural programme and how the grass surface is being used. Any site condition that can limit grass vigour or favour a potential pest should be noted so that steps can be taken to correct the situation.
Dense planting of trees around golf greens restricts air movement and may increase the likelihood of disease. Removing some of the trees will improve air flow and encourage drying, thereby reducing the potential for disease. Plant nutrient deficiencies, or excesses
APRIL/MAY 2013 PC 133
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