(e) adjudicator knowledge of special circumstances, (f) the evaluation form, and (g) adjudication procedures (For reviews of the literature, see Conrad, 2003; Forbes, 1994; and McPherson & Thompson, 1998). All of these nonmusical factors may contribute to measurement error and reduce the statistical reliability (consistency) of the final scores. Furthermore, ratings do not account for circumstances related to instruction such as rehearsal scheduling, financial support, staffing, or other factors that might influence instruction, student achievement, and the quality of the final performance, most of which are out of the teacher’s control.


Music festivals sponsored by MSBOA, MSVMA, and other organizations provide excellent educational opportunities for both students and directors. The Michigan Society for Music Teacher Education supports these events as one part of the music education curriculum. However, teachers, administrators, and other stakeholders in the educational process must work together to insure that the results of festivals and contests are used appropriately and in context with the larger goals of music education.


References


Conrad, D. (2003). Judging the judges: Improving rater reliability at music contests. NFHS Music Association Journal, 20(2), 27-31.


Forbes, G. W. (1994). Evaluative music festivals and contests-are they fair?. Update: Applications of Research in Music Education, 12(2), 16-20. doi: 10.1177/875512339401200203


Harmonic Vision (2010). Music ace. Retrieved from http://harmonicvision.com/mafact.htm.


McPherson, G. E., & Thompson, W. F. (1998). Assessing music performance: Issues and influences. Research Studies in Music Education, 10, 12-24. doi: 10.1177/1321103X9801000102


Michigan Department of Education (2011). Michigan merit curriculum standards, benchmarks, and grade level content expectations: Visual arts, music, dance, and theater. Retrieved from http://michigan.gov/ documents/mde/Complete_VPAA_Expectations_June_2011_357783


_7.pdf


Music Educators National Conference: The National Association for Music Education (1994). Opportunity-to-learn standards for music instruction. Retrieved from http://musiced.nafme.org/resources/opportunity- to-learn-standards-for-music-instruction- grades-prek-12/


Music Educators National Conference: The National Association for Music Education (1994). Performance standards for music: Assessment strategies for music. Retrieved from http://musiced.nafme.org/ resources/performance-standards-for-music/assessment-strategies-for-music/


National Association for Music Education (2011). NAfME teacher evaluation position statement. http://musiced.nafme.org/ files/2012/04/teacher_evaluation.pdf Public Acts 102, 103, 104. State of Michigan (2011).


SmartMusic: Interactive music software for band, orchestra, and voice. Retrieved from http://www.smartmusic.com/Educators/Default.


aspx?p=1


White House Press Office (n.d.). Fact Sheet: Race to the top. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/fact-


sheet-race-top


Prepared by: Abby Butler, Wayne State University, Detroit Phillip Hash, Calvin College, Grand Rapids Cynthia Taggart, Michigan State University, East Lansing


personal attention performance opportunities proven job placement


www.wmich.edu/music 13


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