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Dr David Lawson, Senior Research Officer for the STRI, discusses the future of fertilisers and their impact on the environment
Fertilisers and Turf
For intensively managed turf, fertiliser input is essential to promote growth and to allow grass to recover from wear and tear. By far and away the most important nutrient for grass growth is nitrogen.
there is poor grass cover (it is worth noting that a dense turf is actually very efficient at taking up any applied fertiliser). The optimum amounts of fertiliser application for turf growth are not likely to lead to any major leaching of N.
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A considerable amount of research has been carried out to ascertain the total amounts of nitrogen (N) required for golf greens and football/rugby turf, growing under a range of conditions from sand-based constructions to normal soils. Other nutrients are important, e.g. phosphate and potassium. The former is particularly important for seed establishment, the latter for drought tolerance and strength of growth. Deficiency in these may occur in some soils, and this can be ascertained by soil testing. Other nutrients, such as sulphur, magnesium and calcium, are not likely to be deficient in most soils. In addition, there are micronutrients, such as copper and manganese, which are required by the turf in very small quantities and are rarely found to be deficient.
The Environment
There has been increasing concern about the environmental impacts of using fertilisers and, in particular, nitrogen. Up until now, this has focused on the potential for N to be leached as nitrate from soils to adjacent waterways or to aquifers used for drinking water. As a consequence, some precautions are taken in turf management, e.g. the use of controlled release fertilisers in situations where leaching could be a problem, for example where
Grass Seed
THE FUTURE OF FERTILISERS
Phosphate application on golf greens is generally kept to a minimum and unlikely to lead to leaching losses. However, greater amounts tend to be used on winter games turf and so losses are potentially greater, especially on sand-based constructions. However, it should be noted that phosphates do tend to be immobilised in soils, thus reducing losses in drainage water. Large amounts of potassium are commonly applied in turf maintenance, probably much more than are actually needed. For sand-based rootzones the amounts leached are likely to be substantial.
Energy and Resources
Although the concern about over- application of these nutrients has been associated with ecological aspects (particularly with nitrogen and phosphate), the concern is now widening to take in other environmental and economic aspects. The first of these is the high energy requirements required to produce fertilisers, especially nitrogen. This is of particular concern for nitrogen, because the process of producing ammonium from atmospheric nitrogen has an extremely high energy input, with associated carbon dioxide output if fossil fuels are being used to produce the energy. The energy requirement is known as the embedded energy of the nitrogen.
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