Human groups at risk include the millions of ASGM miners across the world, where mercury compounds are used in production. However, a far greater number of people whose main source of protein is fish or other marine creatures may be exposed to contamination (UNEP-WHO, 2008). The Food and Agriculture Organization says: “Just over 100 million tonnes of fish are eaten world-wide each year, providing two and a half billion people with at least 20 per cent of their average per capita animal protein intake. This contribution is even more important in developing countries, especially small island states and in coastal regions, where frequently over 50 per cent of people’s ani- mal protein comes from fish. In some of the most food-insecure places – many parts of Asia and Africa, for instance – fish protein is absolutely essential, accounting for a large share of an already low level of animal protein consumption” (FAO, 2010).
The once pristine Arctic region is a special case. About 200 tonnes of mercury are deposited in the Arctic annually, generally far from where it originated. A 2011 report by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) report- ed that mercury levels are continuing to rise in some Arctic species, despite reductions over the past 30 years in emissions from human activities in some parts of the world. It reports