Cities Project

London Congestion Charge (2002-2010) Bogotá Transmilenio (2000-2010)

Copenhagen District Heating (1984-2010) Paris Velib’ (2007-2010)

Bogotá CicloRutas (1999-2006)

Toronto Atmospheric Fund (1991-2010) Austin Energy’s GreenChoice Program

Austing Green Building Programme (1991-2010) Freiburg PV system (1986-2010)

Berlin’s Energy Saving Partnership (1997-2010) Toronto Lake Water Conditioning (2002-2010)

Tokyo Water System

San Francisco Solar Power system (2004-2010) São Paulo waste to energy (2004-2010) Curitiba BRT (1980-2010)

Stockholm Congestion Charge (2007-2010) NYC public plaza improvements (2008-2010) Strasburg’s 53.7 km tram (1994-2010)

Copenhagen’s 3% of waste to landfills (1990-2010) Copenhagen offshore 160MW windfarm (2002-2010) NYC Greener, Greater Buildings Plan (2009-2010) Hong Kong Combined Heat and Power plant (2006-2010) Portland SmartTrips (2003-2010)

Portland LED traffic lighting (2001-2010) Seoul car-free days (2003-2010)

Initial capital costs (million US$)

480

1,970 (until 2016) 525

96 (private investment) 50.25 19 - -

58.6 -

170.4 -

8

68.4 -

350

125.8 - -

349

80 (city), 16 (federal) 0.9 -

2.2 3

Operating costs (million US$)

692

around 20/year 136.5

4.1 (private) - - -

1.2/year - - -

60.3/year -

-

182.5 - -

167.7 - - - -

0.55/year - -

T able 3: Investment and operating costs of selected green city projects Source: multiple sources, see Appendix 1

wetlands, and make productive use of green belts. The findings of national censuses, household surveys and other research suggest that “up to two-thirds of urban and peri-urban households in developing countries are involved in agriculture” (FAO 2001).

Second, transport activities typically make up a significant share of a city’s employment (operationally and in infrastructure development). In many countries, public transport jobs account for between 1 per cent and 2 per cent of total employment (UNEP, ILO, IOE and ITUC 2008). In New York almost 80,000 local jobs are related to its public transport sector, in Mumbai more than 160,000 and in Berlin about 12,000 (Table 4: Urban transport employment).

Third, the International Labour Organisation research (UNEP et al. 2008) indicates that shifting from conventional to renewable energy will result in small net job losses, but cities are well-placed to benefit

from new opportunities. As well as research and development activity, renewable energy systems may often involve decentralised production, which locates power generation close to urban consumer cores. Critically, installation and servicing activities are both labour-intensive and urban-orientated. These domestic or personal service activities will be an important source of green jobs in urban areas.

Fourth, waste and recycling activity is similarly labour- intensive. A recent estimate reveals that up to 15 million people are engaged in waste collection for their livelihood in developing countries (Medina 2008). For example, in Dhaka, Bangladesh, a project for generating compost from organic waste helped create 400 new jobs in collection activities and 800 new jobs in the process of composting. Workers collect 700 tonnes/day of organic waste to obtain 50,000 tonnes/year of compost (see Waste Chapter). And in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, a project for collecting and recycling plastic waste has helped improve

469

Operating revenue / savings (million US$)

1,746

around 18.5/year 184

3.96/year (city), 72/year (private) 40/year (fuel savings) 2.2

3.9 (customer energy savings in 2006) 2.2/year (customer energy savings) -

12.2 (energy bills) 9.8/year

16.7 (electricity savings), 172.4 (leak- age prevented)

0.6

32.1 (from carbon credit auction) 201 70 -

168.3

0.67/year -

700/year (residential energy costs) 0.3/year -

0.335 50/year (fuel savings)