Towards a green economy China – Water availability cost curve

Agricultural Industry Municipal & domestic Supply

Supply/demand gap in 2030 = 201 billion m3 Total cost to fill gap = - US$ 21.7 billion

Genetic crop development (irrigated)

1.2 1.4

0.6 0.8 1

0.4 0.2 0

-1.4 -1.8 -2.2

-0.8 -1.2 -1.6

-2.0 -2.4 -2.8

-2.6 3.0

-3.2

-3.4 -8.2

-0.2 -0.6 -1

-0.4

Integrated plant stress mgt. (irrigated) Irrigation scheduling

Retrofit showerheads

Others: waste other reuse Integrated plant stress mgt.

(rainfed) 20 40 60 80 100 120

Dam & reservoir - large 140

Wastewater reuse in commercial buildings Steel: wastewater reuse

No till rainfed Power: wastewater reuse Municipal leakage New showerheads

Commercial building leakage Steel: dry dedusting

Power: condensed water cooling Paper: concealed filtration

Paper: intermediate water reuse Textile: wastewater reuse Steel: condensed water cooling

Power: USC Steel: coke dry quenching Paper: white water reuse

160

No till (irrigated) New faucets

Local water conveyance Seawater direct use

Specified deficit between supply and water requirements in 2030

Desalination (thermal) – co-located with power plant Desalination (RO)

Wastewater reuse – municipal/industrial Rain water harvesting – roof top Fresh water transfer – inter-basin New toilets

Drip irrigation 180 200 220 240

Groundwater pumping - deep Rainwater harvesting

Pipe water conveyance On-farm canal lines Mulching

Efficient sprinkler irrigation Improved fertilizer balance (rainfed)

Groundwater pumping - shallow Dam & reservoir - small

Aquifer recharge Genetic crop development – rainfed Post-harvest transport and storage

Retrofit faucets Local water pumping

Rice Intensification Improved fertiliser balance (irrigated)

Figure 12: Relative costs of different methods of supplying water in China Source: 2030 Water Working Group (2009)

SOURCE: 2030 Water Resources Group Estimated child mortality Estimated child morbidity (stunting) 260 Fresh water transfer – intra-basin

Incremental availability billion m3

New laundry machines

Power: Dry cooling Retrofit toilets

20% reduction

10% reduction

Current

Average proportion of childhood deaths (<5 yrs)

0.0 (Low) 0.2

Morbidity Mortality

0.35 (High) -3.2 Kilometres

Figure 13: Predicted effect of a 10 per cent and 20 per cent reduction in the proportion of people obtaining their primary water supply from surface water or unprotected well water on child mortality and child

morbidity (stunting), Niger River basin Source: Ward et al. (2010)

Average age for height ratio (St. Dev. below ref. median)

0 400 800

134

Cost of additional water availability in 2030, $/m3