List of figures Figure 1: Green water and Blue water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Figure 2: Prevailing patterns of threat to human water security and biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Figure 3: Water consumption for power generation, USA (2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Figure 4: Global progress towards Millennium Development Goals’ target to reduce the number of people without access to adequate sanitation services to 1.7 billion people by 2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Figure 5: Progress towards attainment of the Millennium Development Goals’ sanitation target to half the number of people without adequate sanitation by 2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Figure 6: Areas of physical and economic water scarcity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Figure 7: Number of people living in water-stressed areas in 2030 by country type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Figure 8: Aggregated global gap between existing accessible, reliable supply and 2030 water withdrawals, assuming no efficiency gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Figure 9: Projection of the global demand for water and, under a business-as-usual scenario, the amount that can be expected to be met from supply augmentation and improvements in technical water use efficiency (productivity) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Figure 10: Assessment of expected increase in the annual global demands for water by region. . . . . . . . 129 Figure 11: Schematic representation of a master meter system managed by a community-based organisation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Figure 12: Relative costs of different methods of supplying water in China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Figure 13: Predicted effect of a 10 per cent and 20 per cent reduction in the proportion of people obtaining their primary water supply from surface water or unprotected well water on child mortality and child morbidity (stunting), Niger River basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Figure 14: Regional virtual water balances and net interregional virtual water flows related to the trade in agricultural products, 1997–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Figure 15: Annual returns from selling allocations and capital growth in the value of a water entitlement compared with an index of the value of shares in the Australian Stock Exchange, Goulburn Murray System, Murray-Darling Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Figure 16: Development of Murray Darling Basin water entitlement transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Figure 17: Array of mixes of transfer, tax and tariff approaches to the provision of infrastructure finance. . . 142
List of tables Table 1: Examples of the estimated costs and benefits of restoration projects in different biomes. . . . . . 130 Table 2: Modelled results of the Green Investment scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Table 3: Change in regional welfare over 20 years as a result of climate change and trade liberalisation . . . 138 Table 4: Water Tariff Structure in Western Jakarta, US$ per m3