tonnes of hazardous ash, has been treated at a dedicated plant. Figure 1 shows the monolith being formed at the site of a former gypsum mine (note the truck which can be used for scale).
Although disposal is normally to landfill, s/s treated wastes may be suitable for re-use. Applications could include general fill or road capping. An example of this is the treatment of contaminated dredgings by s/s where large volumes of material were treated and used as fill during construction of the Jersey Gardens Mall, near New York (11).
The main issues to consider relating to the viable application of s/s to waste, involves, Landfill Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC), the suitability for treatment by s/s and whether the treated product can meet end of waste criteria, designed on a risk acceptance basis.
There are a large number of proprietary s/s waste treatment processes currently available, which have been patented in the USA and elsewhere. Most involve combinations of cement, lime and pozzolanic binder- materials, with the remainder utilising organic or silicate polymers. However, it should be noted that many s/s processes are ‘blackbox’ solutions because the formulations remain unclear or unknown.
Summary Stabilisation/solidification has been widely used around the world, particularly in the United States, as a risk management process for contaminated soils and wastes. In comparison with a much slower uptake in the UK, this acceptance of the technology has been largely driven
Figure 1: 1M tonne monolith of treated hazardous waste near Paris, France
by Environment Agency Guidance and the increasing cost of landfill as a disposal option. As such, s/s is now being routinely used to manage the risks associated with contaminated land and to enable former brownfield sites to be regenerated. To the author’s knowledge, the remedial operation at Sydney, Nova Scotia, is the largest currently being undertaken in the world and will result in long-term benefits to the community extending from risk reduction and economic regeneration.
References 1 Sydney Tar Ponds Agency (2011).
http://www.www.tarpondscleanup.ca. Accessed 24.03.2011.
2 Public Works and Government Services Canada (2005). Remediation Of Sydney Tar Ponds and Coke Ovens Sites Draft Scoping Document. http://www.
pwgsc.gc.ca.
3 Treasury Board of Canadian Secretariat (2011). Sydney Tar Ponds.
http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/fcer- cfre/rfc-cfr/studies-etudes/
stp-mgs-eng.asp. Accessed 24.03.2011.
4 Batchelor, B. (2006). Overview of waste stabilization with cement. Waste Management, 26, 7, 689-698.
5 UK Environment Agency. (2004). Guidance on the use of Stabilisation/Solidification for the Treatment of Contaminated Soil. Science Report SC980003/SR2. http://
publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/ pdf/ SCHO0904BIFO-e-e.pdf. Accessed 24.03.2011.
6 UK Environment Agency. (2004). Review of Scientific Literature on the use of Stabilisation/ solidification for the Treatment of contaminated soil, solid waste and sludges. Science Report SC980003/
SR2.http://
publications.environment-agency.gov. uk/pdf/SCHO0904BIFP-e-e.pdf?lang=_e/pdf. Accessed 24.03.11
7 Antemir, A., Hills, C.D., Carey, P.J., Gardner, K.H., Bates, E.R. & Crumbie, A.K. (2010). Long-term performance of aged waste forms treated by stabilization/ solidification. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181, 15, 65-73.
8 US Environmental Protection Agency Superfund.
http://www.epa.gov/superfund. Accessed 24.03.2011.
9 Pensaert, S., De Puydt, S. and Janssens, T. Remediation of the acid tar lagoons in the port of Ghent.2010 International Solidification/Stabilisation Technology Forum. Editors Craig B. Lake and Colin D. Hills. Dalhousie University. ISBN 978-7703-0026-5
10 Conner, J.R. (1990). Chemical Fixation and Solidification of Hazardous Wastes. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York ISBN 0-442-20511-2
11 Centre for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation. (2003). Dredge Material Evaluation and Utilization Plan for New Jersey: Final Report. http://
cait.rutgers.edu/files/SROA-RU3971_0.pdf. Accessed 24.03.2011.
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