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Politics&The Nation On her first day as justice, Kagan finds her comfort zone
Group seeks pledge on corporate money for campaigns
Digest Furlough orders for California state workers upheld
TheWorld Activity spotted nearN. Korean nuclear facility
West Bank mosque set on fire in attack
Digest Japan’s Ozawa to be prosecuted in fundraising scandal
Economy&Business
Judges re-examining foreclosure cases due to flawed paperwork A9 U.S. hits AmEx with antitrust suit
Digest GAO: Iran still buying gas despite sanctions
CORRECTIONS
l AnOct.4PageOnearticleabout campaign spending by interest
groups incorrectly described for- mer George W. Bush administra- tion adviser Karl Rove as a co- founder of the group American Crossroads. A spokesman for the group, Jonathan Collegio, said Rove encouraged the founding of the organization but was not a founder.
l An Oct. 2 Metro article about Barbara Donnellan, Arlington
County’s new countymanager, in- correctly described the county’s land area. It is about 26 square
miles,not 26 acres.
l The Score feature on the Sept. 30 KidsPost page, about baseball pitchers, incorrectly described Minnesota Twins pitcher Jon Rauch as the team’s closer. Matt Capps is theTwins’ closer.
l ALocalDigest itemin the Sept. 24 Metro section and a Sept. 30
editor’s note misspelled the first names of two of the three victims of a townhouse fire in Lorton. They are Elieen C. “Allie” Lang- ham-Anderson and her son Solo- manAnderson.
The Washington Post is committed to correcting errors that appear in the newspaper. Those interested in contacting the paper for that purpose can: E-mail:
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A7 A lone deep-sea snail living
within a hot-water fissure on the ocean floor. Themigratory tracks of great white sharks crossing ocean basins.Audio recordings of schools of fish the size ofManhat- tan, swimming inconcert. These are just a handful of the
discoveries that came out of the Census of Marine Life, a decade- long project completed Monday. Encompassing more than 2,700 scientists from 80 nations and territories around the world, the census sought to answer a basic but daunting question. In the words of its International Scien- tific Steering Committee Chair- man Ian Poiner: “What did live in the ocean, what does live in the ocean, and what will live in the ocean?” Ten years after the study was
launched, much of the sea re- mains unknown.At its start, only 5 percent of the ocean had been seriously explored, and even now, there are no observations for 20 percent of it,whilemore thanhalf of the ocean has been subject to justminimal exploration. Still, the project has, in the
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words of co-founder Jesse Ausu- bel, “defined what is unknown” about theocean, andshedlighton how it functions. “The oceans are richer than we imagined, more connected thanwe imagined, and they’remore altered,” saidAusub- el, census vice president and pro- gram director for the Alfred P. SloanFoundation. The $650million initiative,
$75 million of which came from the Sloan Foundation, launched 570 expeditions that journeyed from Antarctica to the tropics. Rankingasoneof theworld’s larg- est scientific collaborations, it produced more than 2,600 aca- demic papers and collected 30 million observations of 120,000species.Researchershave formally described 1,200newspe- cies and identified about 4,800 others. The idea for the census devel-
oped in the late 1990s. Ausubel and Fred Grassle, of Rutgers Uni- versity, approached StanfordUni- versity marine biologist Barbara Block about coordinating a tag- ging programin the PacificOcean to track where and how key crea- tures moved underwater. Block, who had tagged animals in the Atlantic, said she walked away from the conversation “a little shellshocked,” adding: “I had nev- er worked in the Pacific in a big way.” Tagging of Pacific Predators,
the operationthat arose fromthat conversation, is the world’s larg-
TIN-YAM CHAN/NATIONAL TAIWAN OCEAN UNIVERSITY, KEELUNG
This blind lobster with extremely unusual chelipeds, or claws, belongs to the rare genus Thaumastochelopsis, previously known only from four specimens of two species in Australia.
YOSHIHIRO FUJIWARA/JAMSTEC
This snail inhabits deep-sea hydrothermal vents. It is probably a new species, and only a single specimen has been discovered.
TUESDAY, OCTOBER 5, 2010 From global sea census, a treasure trove
10-year project sheds light on new species, how ocean functions
BY JULIET EILPERIN
bean. Virginia Institute of Marine
Science professor Tracey Sutton used funds from the census and the National Science Foundation to spearhead the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Ecosystem Project, in which scientists from 16 nations studied deep-sea animals along the underwater mountain range that runs from Iceland to the Azores. The project launched three
cruises—in 2003, 2004 and 2009 — to sample organisms living as deep as 9,000 feet below the sur- face and to monitor the flow of energy through the North Atlan- tic ecosystem. “Understanding the dynamics of deep-sea food webs is essential for scientific un- derstanding and management of earth’s largest ecosystem,” Sutton said. New acoustic techniques also
have allowed census scientists to measure the abundance, and in some instances the composition of marine life. Paul Snelgrove, who leads the census’s Synthesis Group, said researcherswere able to use sound waves to determine that schools of fish the size of Manhattan were congregating in theGulf ofMaine. “Thiswas amajor leap forward
in terms of our knowledge,” Snel- grove said. That same technology helped
chronicletheverticalmigrationof tens of thousands of tons of zoo- plankton along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which move up to feed at night and then return to the depthsduringtheday. “It’s reallya commute,” said Ausubel, noting that the distance the zooplankton travel during peak times in the summer is four times theheightof theEmpire StateBuilding. On a practical level, the project
has established a baseline for key areas inthe sea, includingparts of the Gulf of Mexico damaged by this year’s massive oil spill. As of 2009, researchers had identified 8,332 forms of life in the part of thegulf closest tothe spill,provid- ingauthoritieswithwhatAusubel called “a checklist” from which they can compare a year or two fromnow. One of themost surprising and
LAURENCE MADIN/WHOI
In October 2007,U. S. and Filipino scientists traveled to the Celebes Sea in SoutheastAsia, searching for newspecies. They discovered this extraordinary worm, which they named Squidworm.
est tracking of marine animals. Researchers have more than 4,300 electronic tags to study 23 species’ positions aswell as ocean temperature, pressure, light and salinity, retrieving a billion re- cords fromthe sea. Those findings, Block said,
should help ensure that institu- tionsandgovernmentsarewilling to fund this kind of research even nowthat the census is over. “This deep ocean can be stud-
ied and canbe tracked,” she said. Sophisticated tracking has pro-
vided some of the most stunning discoveries about the sea over the past decade. A single bluefin tuna crosses the North Atlantic over thecourseof twoyears, swimming past the Virginia and Maryland coasts. Loggerhead turtles move through those same waters, but they follow the North Atlantic gyre not just along the East Coast but to Africa and then the Carib-
esoteric discoveries, however, came from studying the ocean’s tiniest residents: microbes. Ac- cording to Snelgrove, “Theremay be as many as a billion kinds of microbes. That’s kind of mind- boggling.What are they doing? If we see shifts fromone to another, does itmatter? I suspect it does.” This kind of research willmat-
ter in the years to come, said Rep. Bart Gordon (D-Tenn.), chairman of theHouseScience andTechnol- ogyCommittee. “Energy,cleanwaterandfoodis
what people are going to start fighting wars over,” Gordon said in an interview. “We need our oceanstobeasproductiveasever.”
eilperinj@washpost.com
Report:U.S. transportation systemfailing
Big investment needed to keep pace in global economy, experts say
BY ASHLEY HALSEY III The United States is saddled
with a rapidly decaying and woe- fully underfunded transportation system that will undermine its status in the global economy un- less Congress and the public em- brace innovative reforms, a bipar- tisan panel of experts concludes in a report releasedMonday. U.S. investment in preserva-
tion and development of trans- portation infrastructure lags so far behind that of China, Russia and European nations that it will lead to “a steady erosion of the social and economic foundations for American prosperity in the long run.” That isacentral conclusion ina
report issued on behalf of about 80 transportation experts who met for three days in September 2009at theUniversity of Virginia. Few of their conclusions were groundbreaking, but the weight of their credentials lends gravity to their findings. Co-chaired by two former sec-
retaries of transportation—Nor- man Y. Mineta and Samuel K. Skinner — the group estimated that an additional $134 billion to $262 billion must be spent per year through 2035 to rebuild and improve roads, rail systems and air transportation. “We’re going to have bridges
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collapse. We’re going to have earthquakes. We need somebody to grab the issue and run with it, whether it be in Congress or the White House,” Mineta said Mon- day during a news conference at the Rayburn House Office Build- ing. The key to salvation is develop-
ing newlong-term funding sourc- es to replace the waning revenue from federal and state gas taxes that largely paid for the construc- tion and expansion of the high- way system in the 1950s and 1960s, the report said. “Infrastructure is important,
but it’s not getting the face time with the American people,” Skin- ner said. “We’ve got to look at this asaninvestment,notanexpense.” A major increase in the federal
gas tax, which has remained un- changed since it was bumped to 18.4 cents per gallon in 1993, might be the most politically pal- atableway to boost revenue in the short term, the report said, but over the long run, Americans should expect to pay for each mile they drive. “A fee of just one penny per
mile would equal the revenue currently collectedbythe fuel tax; a fee of two cents per mile would generate the revenue necessary to support an appropriate level of investment over the long term,” the report said. Fuel tax revenue, including
state taxes that rangefrom8cents in Alaska to 46.6 cents in Califor- nia, have declined as fuel efficien- cy has increased. President Obama mandated that new cars get 35.5 miles on average per gallon by 2016, and government officials said last week that they are considering raising the aver- age to62miles per gallon by 2025. Facing midterm elections in
November, Congress has lacked the will to tackle transportation funding. Efforts to advance a new six-year federal transportation plan stalled on Capitol Hill after the previousoneexpired last year. If Congress were to do the re-
port’s bidding, the task would be far broader in scope than simply comingupwithtrillions of dollars in long-term funding to rebuild a 50-year-old highway system. The experts also advocated the
adoption of a distinct capital spending plan for transportation, empowering state and local gov- ernments with authority to make choices now dictated from the federal level, continued develop- ment of high-speed rail systems better integrated with freight rail transportation, and expansion of intermodal policies rather than reliance on highways alone to move goods and people. ButMineta noted that 42 days
after an eight-lane bridge col- lapsed into the Mississippi River in Minneapolis in 2007, a survey found that 53 percent of respon- dents opposed an emergency gas tax increase to pay for infrastruc- ture repairs. “The shelf life of a tragedy like
[I-35W] was 42 days,” he said. Thirteen people died in the col- lapse and more than 100 were injured. The report emphasized that
federal policy should be crafted to address congestion by providing incentives that encourage land use that reduces single-occupant commutes and promotes “live- able communities.” “Creating communities condu-
cive to walking and alternate modes of transportation . . . should be an important goal of transportation policy at all levels of government,” the report said. It also encouraged expansion
of innovative public-private part- nerships to further transporta- tion goals, citing the high-occu- pancy toll lane project in North- ern Virginia as an example. “The one option that’s not in
this report is throwing up our hands,” said Jeff Shane, a former Transportation Department offi- cial and a member of the panel. “That seems to be the option that Congress chooses.”
halseya@washpost.com
Mental reviewordered in Fort Hood case BY ANGELA K. BROWN
fort worth, tex. — The Army psychiatrist accused in last year’s Fort Hood rampage was ordered Monday toundergoamentaleval- uation before a hearing to deter- minewhetherhewill stand trial. Earlier this year, Army officials
appointed a three-member board of military mental health profes- sionals todeterminewhetherMaj. NidalHasaniscompetent tostand trial. At issue is his mental status duringtheNov.5shootings,which left 13 dead and dozenswounded. Col.MorganLamb, aFortHood
brigade commander appointed to overseejudicialmattersinHasan’s case, ordered the evaluation be- fore next week’s Article 32 hear- ing, which will be held to deter-
mine whether Hasan will stand trial on 13 counts of premeditated murder and 32 counts of attempt- ed premeditatedmurder. It is unclear whether any find-
ings fromthemental examwould be presented at the Article 32 hearing, themilitaryequivalent to grandjuryproceedings.Amilitary officer will hear evidence, includ- ing testimony from the nearly three dozen people who were woundedthatday,andlaterdeter- mine if Hasan will be court-mar- tialed. John Galligan, Hasan’s lead at-
torney, said he has toldHasan not to cooperate with anyone who tries to evaluate himuntil the de- fense team can address “impor- tant issues dealing with timing andthecompositionof the board.” —AssociatedPress
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