HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING


no matter what,’ Gardiner added. He said hyperspectral camera systems can range from $20,000 to $100,000.


SWIR and sensors Liquids and materials with a high water content appear black in the shortwave infrared at 1,500nm and stand out to the camera. Other materials, such as plastics, show up differently under SWIR light. Pust, at Delta Optical Tin Film, said the company is looking at making filters for the SWIR range, because ‘we think the market is almost as big as for the visible and NIR range’, but he said the firm doesn’t have any concrete plans in that direction at the moment. Emberion, which has sites in Espoo,


Finland, and Cambridge, UK, has developed an image sensor based on graphene and other nanomaterials, which offers a spectral response range from 400nm to 1,800nm in the shortwave infrared. Silicon detectors are sensitive in the visible range extending into the near-infrared, up to 1,100nm. InGaAs detectors, on the other hand, are used for SWIR imaging, but suffer from a lower performance in the visible region and, if they combine both SWIR and visible sensitivity, are expensive. Princeton Infrared


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Technologies is one company offering cameras with both SWIR and visible response. ‘Our detector can offer similar performance


to InGaAs in the near and shortware infrared region, and we outperform InGaAs in the visible region,’ Dr Vuokko Lantz, product manager at Emberion, said. Emberion’s photodector arrays have


tailored readout integrated circuits (ROIC). Te ROIC is based on a conventional CMOS IC technology, with the photodetectors monolithically integrated on top of it. ‘Te photodetectors consist of graphene and light absorbing nanomaterial layers, which provide an exceptionally broad spectral response range and excellent sensitivity. Te manufacturing approach is very cost efficient,’ Lantz explained. Lantz said that the sensor has a lower


performance than silicon-based CMOS sensors in visible range. ‘If you are just interested in the visible range, it’s best to stick with silicon-based devices,’ she said, ‘but if you want to extend into the infrared region, into the shortwave infrared in particular, we become a very interesting alternative. ‘Our monolithically integrated graphene-on- CMOS technology gives us a price advantage


over InGaAs,’ Lantz continued. ‘We can offer our sensors, similar in performance to InGaAs, at a price that is 20 to 30 per cent less than an InGaAs detector.’ She added the company is optimistic the price will drop further as the production line matures and volumes increase. Emberion was established in 2016 and is still


in a development phase. Its first product is a conventional spectrometry sensor design, with pixels that have a 25µm pitch and 500µm tall. Te company offers few-pixel detectors as a prototype device for evaluation purposes. Early in the summer of 2019 Emberion


aims to have product prototypes for a linear array device and, towards the end of 2019, a VGA imager, which will have a 20µm pixel pitch. Lantz noted that this is a starting point, not a limiting design parameter, and that the firm made its pixel pitch size comparable with commercially available InGaAs detectors. Emberion has the capabilities to make smaller or larger pixels, depending on customer need. Cameras with a broad response range will


open up hyperspectral imaging to even more applications. Te next challenge then becomes to tailor the optics to focus such a broad wavelength range onto the sensor. O


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