HVAC


OzOnE DEplEtIOn pOtEntIal (ODp) anD GlObal WarmInG pOtEntIal (GWp) All refrigerants have an Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and Global Warming Potential (GWP) rating. The Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) is the relative amount of degradation to the ozone relative to R-11 (or CFC-11) being fixed at an ODP of 1.0. It is the ratio of global loss of ozone to the global loss of ozone from CFC-11 of the same mass. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons have ODPs mostly in range 0.005 - 0.2 due to


the presence of the hydrogen which causes them to react readily in the troposphere, therefore reducing their chance to reach the stratosphere where the ozone layer is present. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) have no chlorine content, so their ODP is essentially zero.


Type Synthetic CFC


HCFC HFO HFC


HCFC HFC


HCFC HFC HFC HFC


HCFC HCFC HFC HFO


HCFC HFC HFO


Natural Refrigerant R-12 R-123


R-1234ze R-134a R-22 R-32


R-401a R-404a R-407a R-407c R-408a R-409a R-410a R-454b R-502 R-507 R-513a


Isobutane HC R-600a Ethane


Propane CO2


Ammonia Water


R-170 R-290 R-744 R-717 R-718


ODP 1


0.012 0 0


0.05 0


0.027 0 0 0


0.016 0.039 0 0


0.18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


GWP*


Very High Low


Ultra-Low High High


Medium Medium


Very High High High


Very High High High Low


Very High Very High Medium


Ultra-Low Ultra-Low Ultra-Low Ultra-Low None None


Global Warming Potential (GWP) is the heat absorbed by any greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, as a multiple of the heat that would


be absorbed by the same mass of carbon dioxide (CO2). GWP is a measure of how environmentally detrimental refrigerants can be relative to CO2 which has a GWP of 1.0


HFC HFO


R-410a R-407c R-134a Others R-1234 ze


71% 1% 10% 12% 3% Blend HFC/HFO Natural Others R-513a Others 0% 0% 1% 2%


nEW lOW GWp rEfrIGErantS Whilst the EU market was 71 per cent R-410a for new equipment sold in 2020, new lower GWP refrigerants such as R-454b are poised to take over from 2021. R-454b is an HFO (Hydro Olefin) refrigerant made by blending the single


component R-32 refrigerant with R-1234yf giving some unique advantages. R-32 on its own has a high discharge temperature which can limit its operating envelope without some type of injection. R-454b however is an easier refrigerant to handle and offers similar properties to R-410a, making it a cost-effective and easy to use solution in new equipment without major modifications being necessary, ideal for industrial process applications. R-454b also has a lower GWP of 466 compared to R-32 at 675 and has an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of zero.


ICS COOl EnErGy rEfrIGErant DEvElOpmEnt ICS Cool Energy is a leading solution provider for process and critical temperature control and has vast experience in designing products operating with low-GWP refrigerants. The entire portfolio of screw compressor chillers is already available with low-GWP refrigerant alternatives such as R-1234ze, R-1233zd, and R-513a. Throughout the first half of 2021, smaller i-Chiller Compact scroll


compressor units will be developed to use R-513a. The majority of ICS Cool Energy packaged i-chillers and larger scroll units will move to using R-454b as the lowest GWP value option to replace R-410a whilst maximising high- efficiency operation. Specifically compared to ammonia systems, ICS Cool Energy chillers use refrigerants that are non-toxic, proven, require easier maintenance and have a lower first cost as well as being low in GWP. The ICS Cool Energy eMission Critical campaign contributes towards an


overall 10-year goal of reducing customer greenhouse gas emissions by one gigaton (a billion metric tons of CO2) from the use of supplied products.


ICS Cool Energy Group www.icscoolenergy.com


on application.


R-1233zd A single molecule non-flammable replacement for R-123, which as “zd”, it is classified as an “A1” refrigerant.


10,910 1


1,430 1,810 675


Evap 42 F (5.5 C˚C) ˚ ˚F (24˚C) C Cond 97˚F (36˚C)


2,090 466


OpEratInG prESSurE rEquIrEmEnt Of nEW rEfrIGErantS Whilst the next generation of refrigerants balance the needs of safety and reduction in carbon footprint, the new trade off is the development and cost of the equipment to cope with the increased pressures required for these refrigerants to work. As a direct replacement for R-410A, R-454B operates at a slightly lower pressure where as R-32 requires a slightly higher pressure. Next generation refrigerants deliver improvements in the coefficient of


631 1


performance (COP), the ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to work required or energy usage of the compressor. This comes with a slight flammability trade-off having some implications on chiller placement and maximum charge (hence capacity). It also means components need to be compatible with flammable refrigerants, to ensure they cannot be considered an ignition source.


R-454b


Least flammable alternatives for R-410a that, when used as a drop- reduction, low GWP of 466 and minimal 2L flammability.


R-513a


Non-flammable replacement for R-134a, which has no impact on capacity, near-zero ODP and 55% lower GWP (573 vs. 1300). While


FACTORY&HANDLINGSOLUTIONS | MAY 2021 37


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