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PARTNER FOCUS The latest high-speed clocks utilise an HCSL output format which


offer advantages over LVDS and PECL output types. HCSL is a high impedance output with ultra-fast switching times, so


it can be advantageous to use a 10 to 30Ω series resistor to help reduce overshoot/ringing. HCSL provides the quickest switching speeds, power consumption lies between LVDS and LVPECL, while phase noise performance compares well with the alternative technologies. This is a major benefit for mixed, low voltage signal processing, such


as is utilised in optical networking. This type of steering logic offers a constant current output: with a


15mA current source the current is “steered” between the true and complimentary outputs. Current steering techniques have also been used in bipolar


technology with the objective of speeding up logic gates. It should also be noted that HCSL outputs require 50Ω termination as shown in figure 2 below.


Data volumes in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI/ML)


training models are doubling approximately every three to four months currently. Such large volumes of data, and the rapid growth in training models is putting tremendous stress on every aspect of modern computer architectures. Interconnections between devices and systems is now of critical importance along with fast access to memory due to the data transmission requirements of AI/ML systems. Data centres is another application area that is seeing increased


data volumes moving to the cloud resulting in more data transmission and usually needing real-time speed and latency. All of this means that higher speed networking protocols are now doubling in speed roughly every two years: 100GbE (Gigabit Ethernet) -> 200GbE-> 400GbE-> 800GbE.


Growth markets Another growth area that touches every aspect of human life is The


Internet of Things (IoT) linking into a wide range of markets spanning retail, manufacturing, smart cities, energy and utilities, transportation, public sector, education, hospitality, health and life sciences, automotive, banking, gaming, and entertainment. These applications use what is known as edge computing, defined


as “a part of a distributed computing topology in which the information is processed close to the edge where machines and people consume the information”. Essentially, it brings computation and data storage closer to where


the data is gathered rather than using a central location. This is done so that real-time data does not suffer issues of latency that can affect the performance of applications. If we consider a modern manufacturing site with devices


Figure 2 The latest HCSL oscillators offer frequencies up to 250MHz with


enhanced jitter and phase noise performance compared to that of LVDS as shown in figure 3.


monitoring machinery and processes, with camera systems, all transmitting data to a remote office. With a single device it is relatively simple to network this in, but if this in then multiplied to hundreds possibly thousands the system will slow down, resulting in a bandwidth requirement that would be enormous. This is where “Edge Computing” comes into its own but requires protocols like PCI Express to make it possible. The connection of “edge devices” has become a matter of


necessity to many businesses, so what are edge devices? They can be many different things such as a remote sensor,


employees notebook computers. smartphone, security camera or even a microwave oven, in fact anything that can be monitored or controlled remotely via the Internet. All this real-time data requires fast processing and can contain


vast amounts of data which require high speed clocking devices to time the processors.


Application specific The latest clock oscillators operating at higher frequencies with


complementary outputs are found in many well-known applications such as flat panel displays for consumer TVs, video streaming systems via external cables (e.g. LDI), high speed serial communications links such as Serial ATA & FireWire, SONET, xDSL, SDH, set-top box and Ethernet cards. With these rapidly increasing speed requirements, the need for


higher frequencies in clock oscillators is essential for all these developments to succeed. This presents many challenges to oscillator designers pushing of


Figure 3 It can clearly be seen that the HCSL output offers significantly better


phase noise performance than that of LVDS making it ideal for embedded applications such as PCI Express. If we consider some of the latest developments in Artificial


Intelligence applications that generate, transmit and process enormous amounts of data at real-time speeds the requirement for accurate and fast clock oscillators becomes ever clearer. In automotive applications for example, a typical smart car can generate up to 4TB of data per day!


the envelope to find ways of producing low noise very high frequency outputs leading to several differential formats being introduced such as LVDS, PECL, CML and now HCSL. The latest HCSL output clock oscillators offer the best solution


currently and represent the fastest growth area in oscillator design over recent years. Now, low power HCSL versions are becoming readily available, exhibiting the low jitter performance that will keep these oscillators at the forefront of modern technological advances for the foreseeable future.


Euroquartz www.euroquartz.co.uk


T: 44 (0) 1460 230 000 OCTOBER 2021 | ELECTRONICS TODAY 35


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