• • • SURGE & CIRCUIT PROTECTION • • • When overvoltages last a long time,
use switching surge stoppers Frederik Dostal, power management expert, Analog Devices
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eliable industrial electronics often have protection circuits to head off any overvoltages on the supply lines and protect the electronics from damage. Overvoltages can arise when fast load changes occur on the power supply line. Parasitic line inductance can result in high voltage spikes.
This can be addressed with an input protection circuit such as the one with an LTC4380 from Analog Devices shown in Figure 1. Power switch M1 is in the conductive path. If an overvoltage occurs at VIN, switch M1 is operated in the linear region. This causes M1 to behave as a resistor in the ohmic region, allowing VOUT to be regulated by the voltage drop across MOSFET M1.
tolerate overvoltage for extended periods. This includes considering fault scenarios such as incorrectly connected supply lines that may result in overvoltage. By selecting a solution that can handle these situations, the circuit can operate reliably and avoid disruptions to the supply voltage. In the circuit in Figure 2, in addition to the surge protector IC, an inductor and an external Schottky diode are used. Basically, a step-down (buck) switching regulator is operated as a protective circuit. However, this switching regulator only begins to work when the input voltage exceeds a set maximum value. Operation in this time normally does not have to be particularly power efficient. A simple Schottky diode can be used as a flyback diode.
overvoltage event. This means that the circuit to be powered is continuously protected and operational, even when overvoltages last a long time.
More and more industrial and instrumentation applications are requiring precision converters to accurately control and measure various processes. Additionally, these end applications are demanding increased flexibility, reliability and feature sets while simultaneously reducing costs and board area. Component manufacturers are addressing these challenges and offering a number of products to address the needs of system designers for current and future designs. As can be seen from this article, there are many different approaches in selecting the right components for precision applications, each offering their own associated drawbacks and benefits. As the accuracy of the systems increases, more and more thought needs to be put into the selection of the right component to suit the application needs.
Figure 1
This prevents the output voltage from rising to excessively high levels, thereby protecting downstream electronics. This method is effective within a certain time limit. This duration is determined by the permissible safe operating area (SOA) of switch M1. However, if the voltage drop across the power MOSFET remains high and the duration exceeds the limit, the MOSFET will heat up beyond its maximum temperature threshold and become damaged.
Integrated circuits such as the LTC4380 have built-in timers to protect against overvoltages. The amount of time that the MOSFET is operated in the linear region in an overvoltage situation is set on the timer. This time is usually on the order of a few milli or microseconds. Once this set time has elapsed, switch M1 is completely shut off. As a result, the switch is protected, but the power supply to the system is also shut off. To ensure reliable operation and uninterrupted power supply to industrial electronics under all circumstances, you choose a solution that can
Figure 2
Figure 3 shows an input voltage response in blue. The normal input voltage is 16V. At approximately 2ms, an overvoltage reaching 40V occurs. The change in output voltage over time is shown in red. For the duration of the VIN overvoltage, the switching DC-to-DC regulator is activated to regulate the output voltage to 16V. The switching node voltage (at the node between the MOSFET, the Schottky diode, and the inductor) is shown in green. An overvoltage protection circuit can thus be designed linearly, as shown in Figure 1, or with a special switching (buck) DC-to-DC regulator such as the LTC7860 from Figure 2. A simple step-down switching regulator is not suitable for this application because the N-channel MOSFET cannot be continuously on in this case. Overvoltage protection circuits include both linear surge protectors and switching surge protector ICs. The latter allows continuous operation of a circuit even during a lengthy
Figure 3
42 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING • JULY/AUGUST 2024
electricalengineeringmagazine.co.uk
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