• • • BATTERIES AND CHARGERS • • •
active in-pack heating technology to raise cell temperature above 0°C in preparation for charging. In many applications active heating is a better solution than depositing the pack in a space at room temperature and waiting for it to draw heat from the ambient air.
Strengths and benefits of
Lithium Titanate (LTO) batteries LTO batteries offer some distinct advantages over traditional lithium-ion batteries, particularly those using lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), or lithium iron phosphate (LFP) chemistries. The primary strengths and benefits of LTO batteries stem from their unique electrochemical properties, which provide superior performance in several critical areas.
Enhanced safety and stability One of the most notable strengths of LTO batteries is their exceptional safety profile. Unlike other lithium chemistries, LTO batteries exhibit a minimal risk of thermal runaway, a condition that can lead to overheating and potential combustion. This safety advantage arises from the stable LTO anode, which operates at a higher voltage (around 1.55V versus 0.5V for graphite anodes). This higher voltage reduces the risk of lithium plating and dendrite formation, which are common causes of short circuits and battery fires in traditional lithium-ion batteries.
Long cycle life LTO batteries are renowned for their cycle life. They can endure between 7,000 to 10,000 charge- discharge cycles or more, significantly surpassing the cycle life of other lithium chemistries. This longevity is due to the minimal volume change in
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the LTO anode during cycling, reducing mechanical stress and degradation over time. Consequently, LTO batteries offer lower total cost of ownership, especially in applications demanding frequent cycling.
Rapid charging capability The fast-charging capability of LTO batteries is another key benefit. These batteries can be charged at rates up to 10C, allowing for full recharges in as little as 6 to 10 minutes. This rapid charging is facilitated by the high surface area and excellent conductivity of the LTO anode, which enhances ion transport and reduces resistance. This feature is particularly advantageous in applications where downtime for charging must be minimised.
Wide temperature range
performance LTO batteries perform well over a wide temperature range, from as low as -30°C to as high as 55°C. This thermal tolerance makes them suitable for environments where other lithium batteries would struggle, either losing capacity or failing altogether. The stable electrochemical properties of LTO in extreme temperatures ensure consistent performance and reliability.
Industrial automation and environments in industrial settings mobile robots are used for tasks such as material handling, inventory management and assembly line support. The long cycle life of LTO batteries ensures these robots can operate continuously over extended periods, reducing the need for frequent battery replacements and maintenance downtime. Additionally, the rapid charging capability allows robots to quickly recharge during short breaks, maximising operational uptime.
Mobile robots in warehouses and logistics centres often operate in shifts and require batteries that can be quickly recharged between operations. LTO batteries’ fast-charging ability ensures robots spend minimal time docked and more time performing tasks such as picking, packing and transporting goods. The wide temperature tolerance of LTO batteries also allows these robots to function effectively in cold storage environments. AGVs (autonomous guided vehicles), commonly used in manufacturing and warehouse automation, rely on robust and reliable power sources to navigate complex environments and transport heavy loads. LTO batteries’ long cycle life and ability to withstand high discharge rates without significant capacity loss make them ideal for AGVs. The quick recharge capability ensures that AGVs remain operational with minimal downtime, enhancing overall productivity.
In summary Lithium Titanate (LTO) batteries offer numerous advantages over other lithium chemistries, including superior safety, extended cycle life, rapid charging and reliable performance across a wide temperature range. These strengths make LTO batteries an excellent choice for powering mobile robots in industrial and business environments. Their use in industrial automation, warehouse logistics, service robots, and AGVs highlight the practical benefits of LTO batteries in enhancing efficiency, safety and reliability in various demanding applications.
The guidance above shows how careful attention to cell and battery specification, design and production, and the choice of a dependable battery pack manufacturer, can ensure reliable and predictable performance for the life of the robot.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING • JULY/AUGUST 2024 17
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