FEATURE TEST & MEASUREMENT
A common complaint about earth loop impedance testing is that when several tests are carried out on the same circuit, each test often gives a different result. Why is this and what can be done about it? Peter Wade of Megger has the answers
NEVER THE SAME LOOP IMPEDANCE TWICE
arth loop impedance testing is without doubt the topic that generates the largest number of calls to the Megger technical support service, and the most common question is why do results vary so much? It seems logical to expect that if two measurements are made one after the other on the same circuit, the results should be identical or at least very similar, but sometimes they are not. In these cases electricians often suspect that there is something wrong with their tester. Of course, that might be true, but it is actually very unlikely. So what is going on? In reality, the most likely culprits are noise and harmonics in the supply system. Loop impedance testing typically works
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by monitoring the voltage between the live conductors or between the live and PE (earth) conductors in a circuit, while a resistor of known value is momentarily connected between them. The change in voltage produced by connecting this resistor is measured and, from this, the instrument calculates the impedance of the ‘loop’ circuit. If the resistor is chosen so that the current that flows in it is reasonably large, around 2.5A or more is often used - this method works very well and gives accurate, consistent results. This is a high-current two-wire test and is very useful, but it has one big drawback. When testing live to earth, the current that flows in the resistor will trip any RCD or RCBO protecting the circuit. One solution is to link these devices out before performing the test, but this is time consuming and potentially hazardous, as the circuit has no earth leakage protection while the links are in place. There is always the possibility of the links accidentally being left in place after testing is completed, and of screws being poorly tightened after the link has been removed, defeating the object of the test. For these reasons, linking out the RCD is very much a last resort and should be avoided. Because of the inconvenience of high-
current two-wire testing on RCD protected circuits, instrument manufacturers have worked hard to develop alternative solutions. One
16 JULY/AUGUST 2018 | ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
approach is to perform the test as described, but choose a resistor that passes a current - say 15mA - that will not trip the RCD. In principle this works, but the voltage change produced by this small current is tiny and hard to measure accurately. Results can be affected by variations in the supply voltage, load switching and noise in the circuit or harmonic distortion. All of these can produce effects larger than the voltage change measured. To minimise these problems,
instruments that offer no-trip loop impedance testing usually make many measurements over a test period of 15 seconds and, at the end of this time, take an average to produce the result displayed. This approach usually provides good results on circuits with lower levels of noise and harmonics, but it is not infallible and on difficult circuits, the
results may be inconsistent, varying considerably from test to test. It is clear that there can be numerous reasons why loop impedance test results are inconsistent. But does it matter? It may not, because if all of the results are lower than the maximum value prescribed in the IET Wiring Regulations, the circuit can be considered satisfactory. There is, however, always the problem of deciding which of the results to record on the test schedule and there are also cases where the variation in the result exceeds the maximum permitted loop impedance. What can be done? Until recently, the only answer was to link out the RCD/RCBO protection and perform a high current test, or perform several tests and take the average. Now, however, there is a much more convenient and very much safer solution – a multifunction installation tester (MFT) that uses new measurement techniques and firmware algorithms for measuring loop impedance. This is unaffected by harmonics and noise. This tester also has a confidence function so that when a loop test is initiated, the tester displays a broad arc. As the test proceeds, this arc shrinks until eventually it is just a single dot and the test is complete. This single dot indicates that a dependable high- confidence result has been achieved. On circuits with a low noise level, this can take as little as eight seconds – a valuable saving compared with the standard test time of 15 seconds. On noisy circuits or those with a high level of harmonics, the arc will take longer to shrink to the high-confidence dot. In fact, if the noise level increases during the test, the arc may even open out again before finally shrinking to the dot. Although this process may sometimes take longer than 15 seconds, there is still a big benefit – the result is right first time. There is never any need to waste time carrying out repeated tests just to be sure. It is easy to understand why electricians
are concerned when loop impedance tests produce a range of different results for the same circuit. Hopefully, this article has explained why this happens, and also shown that the latest developments in loop test technology mean that this particular problem will soon be a thing of the past.
Megger
uk.megger.com
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