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HYBRID DESIGN ROCK SUPPORT | GROUND SUPPORT


REFERENCES ● Abousleiman, R., Sinha, S. & Walton, G. (2021) ‘Expanding


application of the Voussoir beam analog to horizontally bedded and passively bolted flat-roof excavations using discrete element method’. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci (IJRMMS) 148(1):104919


● Bakun-Mazor, D., Hatzor, Y. H. & Dershowitz, W. (2009) ‘Modelling mechanical layering effects on stability of underground openings in jointed sedimentary rocks’. IJRMMS 46:262–271


● Barton, N. (1998) ‘Quantitative description of rock masses for the design of NMT reinforcement’. Keynote Lecture, Int. Conf. Hydropower Development in Himalayas, Shimla. pp 379–400


● Barton, N., Lien, R. & Lunde, J. (1974) ‘Engineering classification of rock masses for the design of tunnel support’. Rock Mech 6:189– 236


● Beniawski, Z.T. (1973) ‘Engineering classification of jointed rock masses’. Trans S Afr Inst Civil Eng 15:335–344


● Beniawski, Z.T. (1989) ‘Engineering rock mass classifications: a complete manual for engineers and geologists in mining, civil and petroleum engineering’. Wiley, p 251


● Bøgeberg, G. E. & Skretting, E. (2021) ‘Evaluation of the basis for rock support design for poor rock mass conditions in Norway—a case study from the construction of the New Skarvberg Tunnel. Master thesis dissertation, NTNU


● Brady, B. H. G. & Brown, E.T. (2006) ‘Rock mechanics for underground mining’. 3rd ed. Springer


● Chen, S. G., Ong, H. L., Tan, K. H., Tan, C. E. & Zhao, J. (2001) ‘UDEC modelling of rock tunnel excavation and supports’. 2nd ARMS 2001, Beijing, China, pp 341–345


● Cundall, P. A. (1980) ‘A generalized distinct element program for modelling jointed rock’. Report PCAR-180, Contract DAJA37– 79- C-0548, European Research Office, USACE. Peter Cundall Assoc


● Diederichs, M. S. & Kaiser, P. K. (1999) ‘Stability of large excavations in laminated hard rock masses: the voussoir analogue revisited’. IJRMMS 36:97–117


● Diederichs, M. S. (2020) ‘Challenges in tunnelling through layered rock masses’. Eurock 2020, Trondheim, Norway. p8


● Eberhardt, E. (2023) ‘Rock mechanics modelling approaches for tunnel engineering’. ISRM 15th Int Cong, Workshop: Rock mechanics challenges and tools for deep tunnelling. Salzburg


● Gildestad, T. & Bakkevold, L. P. (2021) ‘The Skarvberg tunnel— infrastructure in Finnmark: climate, contract and experiences’. NFF/NBG conference, Oslo (in Norwegian), pp 6.1–6.11


● Hoek, E. (1994) ‘Strength of rock and rock masses’. ISRM News J 2(2):4–16


● Høien, A. H., Nilsen, B. & Olsson, R. (2019) ‘Main aspects of deformation and rock support in Norwegian tunnels’. TUST 86:262–278


● Holmøy, K. H. & Aagaard, B. (2002) ‘Spiling bolts and reinforced ribs of sprayed concrete replace concrete lining’. TUST 17:403– 413


● Itasca (2011) UDEC V 5.0. Itasca Consulting Group, Inc., US ● Kaiser, P. K. & Tannant, D. D. (1997) ‘Use of shotcrete to control rockmass failure’. Int Symp Rock support, Lillehammer, Norway, pp 580–595


● Lang, T. A. & Bischoff, J. A. (1982) ‘Stabilization of rock excavations using rock reinforcement’. 23rd US Rock Mech Symp, pp 935–944


● Lorig, L. & Varona, P. (2013) ‘Guidelines for numerical modelling of rock support for mines’. Australian Centre of Geomech


● Melby, K., Ovstedal, E., Amundsen, F. H. & Ranes, G. (2002) ‘Subsea road tunnels in Norway’. NPRA, Report No. 98


● NFF (2008) ‘Heavy rock support in underground constructions’. The Principles of Norwegian Tunnelling. Handbook No. 5. NFF (in Norwegian)


● NGI (2015) ‘Using the Q-system, rock mass classification and support design’. NGI-Handbook


● Oliveira, D. & Pells, P. (2014) ‘Revisiting the applicability of Voussoir beam theory for tunnel design in Sydney’. Aust Geomech J 49(3):29–44


● Oke, J., Vlachopoulos, N. & Marinos, V. (2014a) ‘Umbrella arch nomenclature and selection methodology for temporary support systems for the design and construction of tunnels’. Geotech Geol Eng 32:97–130


● Palmstrom, A. (2009) ‘Combining the RMR, Q and RMi classification systems’. TUST 24:491–492


● Palmstrom, A. & Stille, H. (2006) ‘Ground behaviour and rock engineering tools for underground excavations’. TUST 22:363– 376


● Palmstrom, A. & Broch, E. (2006) ‘Use and misuse of rock mass classifications systems with particular reference to the Q-system’. TUST 21:575–593


● Pedersen, K.B., Kompen, R. & Kveen, A. (2010) ‘Rock support and pre-stabilizing support measures in road tunnels’. Teknologirapport. NPRA (in Norwegian)


● Perras, M. A. & Diederichs, M. S. (2009) ‘Tunnelling in horizontally laminated ground’. 3rd Canada-US Rock Mech. Symp, Toronto. pp 12


● Sakurai, S. (2017) ‘Back analysis in rock engineering’. ISRM Book Series 4. CRC Press


● SINTEF (2020) ‘Measurements of in-situ rock stress in the Skarvberg tunnel, Finnmark. Report 2020:01141. (in Norwegian)


● Sofianos, A. I. (1996) ‘Analysis and design of an underground hard rock Voussoir beam roof’. IJRMMS Geomech Abstr 33(2):153–166


● Starfield, A. M. & Cundall, P. A. (1988) ‘Towards a methodology for rock mechanics modelling’. IJRMMS Geomech Abstr 25(3):99–106


● NPRA (2017) Geologi rapport. Ev69 Skarvbergtunnelen— Olderfjord- Nordkapp. Nr. 50780-GEOL-05. Statens Vegvesen (in Norwegian)


● NPRA (2020, 2022a) Vegtunneler, N500. Statens Vegvesen (in Norwegian)


● NPRA (2022b) Engineering geology—as built report B11654- GEOL-01. Statens Vegvesen (in Norwegian)


● Terron-Almenara, J. & Li, C. C. (2023) ‘Performance of the empirical method with rock mass classification systems to derive optimal rock support design in poor rock mass conditions’. ISRM 15th Int Cong, Salzburg, pp 6


● Trinh, Q. N., Broch, E. & Lu, M. (2007) ‘Three dimensional modelling of spiling bolts for tunnelling at weakness zones’. Rock mechanics: meeting society’s challenges and demands. T&F, pp 427–432


● Vibert, C. & Vaskou, P. (2011) ‘Use of rock mass classifications for design: recommendations and suggestions’. ISRM 12th Int Cong, Beijing. pp 309–314


● Walton, G. & Sinha, S. (2022) ‘Challenges associated with back analysis in rock mechanics’. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 14(6):2058–2071


September 2025


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