D Activation


the sentences below are all examples of spoken english. rewrite them to make them more typical of written english.


1. ‘Speaking and writing are really really different skills … um … there are three ways this is true – how they’re learnt, what they contain, and how they’re done.’ ______________________________________________________________________________


______________________________________________________________________________


2. ‘It’s clear, isn’t it, that yer grammar has gotta be better in writing.’ ______________________________________________________________________________


______________________________________________________________________________


3. ‘The main differences in speaking and writing [intonation rises]? Difficult question.’ ______________________________________________________________________________


______________________________________________________________________________


4. ‘Things don’t really change in writing, wherever you are, but in speaking they can change loads.’


______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________


E


Personalization in your mother tongue, discuss an academic subject with a friend. • Record this conversation. • Following this, write a short summary (c. 100 words) on the same topic.


• Compare the recording and the written summary, and identify the differences between the two.


review some of your previous writing. does it sound more like speech? can you identify any words which should not be there? in particular, you may want to check for:


• the influence of text engliSh • sentences which are not grammatically correct • repetition of the same language • informal linking words


F Extension


Step 21 focuses on strategies for increasing the Formality of your language – a crucial difference between speaking and writing.


Step 1


10


Step 43 analyzes punctuation – a skill specifically required for writing as opposed to speaking.


Unit J (Steps 46–50) looks in detail at the issue of prooFreading, and how you can ensure your final written text avoids some of the problems listed above.


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