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Gastroenterology


therapeutic management of Crohn’s disease. Therap Adv Gastroenterol, 15. doi: 10.1177/17562848221078456.


3 Statistics. 2020. St Marks Hospital Foundation. Available at: https://www. stmarkshospitalfoundation.org.uk/how-we- are-saving-lives/statistics/.


4 Graham, D.B. and Xavier, R.J. 2020. Pathway paradigms revealed from the genetics of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature, 578(7796), 527–539. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2025-2.


5 Mathisen, S. 2022. Bitesized Immunology: Immune dysfunction. BSI Immunology. Available at: https://www.immunology.org/ public-information/bitesized-immunology/ immune-dysfunction/inflammatory-bowel- disease.


6 Irwin, M. and Rosenthal, S.R. 2018. Fact Sheet: News from the IBD Help Center. Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation. Available at: https://www. crohnscolitisfoundation.org/what-is-ibd/ medication/biosimilars.


7 Carroll, M. 2021. Which biologics can help treat ulcerative colitis (UC)?. Healthline Media. Available at: https://www.healthline.com/ health/ulcerative-colitis-take-control/beyond- the-biologic#integrin-receptor-antagonists.


8 Buchner, A.M., Schneider, Y. and Lichtenstein, G.R. 2020. Biosimilars in inflammatory bowel disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 116(1), 45–56. doi: 10.14309/ ajg.0000000000000844.


9 Patil, S.A. et al. 2022. The Sincerest Form of Flattery? Biosimilars in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis, 1;28(12): 1915-1923. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izac048.


10 Xu, Z., Davis, H.M. and Zhou, H. 2015. Clinical impact of concomitant immunomodulators on biologic therapy: Pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, efficacy and safety. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 55(S3). doi: 10.1002/jcph.380.


11 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). 2019. Ulcerative colitis: management [NG130]. Available at: https:// www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng130.


12 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). 2019. Crohn’s disease: management [NG129]. Available at: https:// www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng129/chapter/ Recommendations.


13 Lamb, C.A. et al. 2019. British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut, 68(3), s1–s106. doi: 10.1136/ gutjnl-2019-318484.


14 Hendy, P., Hart, A. & Irving, P. 2015. Anti-TNF drug and antidrug antibody level monitoring in IBD: A practical guide. Frontline Gastroenterology, 7(2), 122–128. doi: 10.1136/flgastro-2014-100527.


15 Sparrow, M.P. et al. 2020. Therapeutic drug monitoring of biologics during induction to prevent primary non-response. J Crohn’s Colitis, 14: 542–56. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz162.


16 Fine, S., Papamichael, K. and Cheifetz, A.S. 2019. Etiology and management of lack or loss of response to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (NY), 15: 656–65.


17 McNeill, R.P. and Barclay, M.L. 2020. Cost- effectiveness of therapeutic drug monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 55: 41–46. doi: 10.1016/j. coph.2020.09.006.


18 Nigam, G.B. et al. 2020. UK national survey of gastroenterologists’ attitudes and barriers toward therapeutic drug monitoring of anti- TNF therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Frontline Gastroenterology, 12(1): 22–29. doi: 10.1136/flgastro-2019-101372.


19 Negoescu, D.M. et al. 2019. Proactive vs reactive therapeutic drug monitoring of infliximab in Crohn’s Disease: A cost-effectiveness analysis in a simulated cohort. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 26(1): 103–111. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izz113.


20 Syed, N. et al. 2020. Proactive drug monitoring is associated with higher persistence to infliximab and adalimumab treatment and lower healthcare utilization compared with reactive and clinical monitoring. Crohn’s Colitis 360, 2(3):otaa050. doi: 10.1093/crocol/otaa050.


21 Papamichael, K. et al. 2017. Improved long-term outcomes of patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving proactive compared with reactive monitoring of serum concentrations of infliximab. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 15(10):1580-1588.e3. doi: 10.1016/j. cgh.2017.03.031.


22 Vaughn, B.P. et al. 2014. Proactive therapeutic concentration monitoring of infliximab may improve outcomes for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 20(11): 1996–2003. doi: 10.1097/ mib.0000000000000156.


23 Lyles, J.L. et al. 2020. Effect of a practice- 52 www.clinicalservicesjournal.com I September 2023


wide anti-TNF proactive therapeutic drug monitoring program on outcomes in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 27(4): 482–492. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izaa102.


24 Assa, A. et al. 2019. Proactive monitoring of adalimumab trough concentration associated with increased clinical remission in children with Crohn’s disease compared with reactive monitoring. Gastroenterology, 157(4). doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.06.003.


25 Sánchez-Hernández, J.G. et al. 2020. A 3-year prospective study of a multidisciplinary early proactive therapeutic drug monitoring programme of infliximab treatments in inflammatory bowel disease. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 86(6): 1165–1175. doi: 10.1111/bcp.14229.


26 Papamichael, K. et al. 2019. Proactive therapeutic drug monitoring of adalimumab is associated with better long-term outcomes compared with standard of care in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis, 13(8): 976–981. doi: 10.1093/ ecco-jcc/jjz018.


27 Papamichael, K. et al. 2018. Proactive infliximab monitoring following reactive testing is associated with better clinical outcomes than reactive testing alone in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis, 12(7): 804–810. doi: 10.1093/ecco- jcc/jjy039.


28 Proactive TDM may lead to better outcomes in IBD compared with reactive TDM. 2022. Gastroenterology Advisor. Available at: https://www.gastroenterologyadvisor.com/ inflammatory-bowel-diseases-ibd/proactive- tdm-may-lead-to-better-outcomes-in-ibd- compared-with-reactive-tdm/.


29 Patel, R.N. et al. 2020. An Indian national survey of therapeutic drug monitoring with anti-tumor necrosis (TNF) medications in inflammatory bowel disease. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology. 39(2): 176–185. doi: 10.1007/ s12664-020-01047-6.


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