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FEED analysis critical “Requirements for a wintering cow start


around 7.5% protein in feed and increase to about 10.5% at calving,” says Witt. “If you have a legume hay (alfalfa or clover), most often times that is adequate at 10.5%.” However, if


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protein levels coming up to calving,” notes Witt. “If you have a protein deficiency just before birth, it can negatively affect a lot of things further on in that calf’s life span.”


Using a better quality forage will raise


protein levels, as will concentrated cereal meals, molasses blocks or urea.


Minerals


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For mineral and vitamin needs, ranchers should be feeding a mineral and salt balance, to support what their feed provides. “Minerals and vitamins can be given as free


choice,” notes Witt, “or if you have a feed wagon, within a mixed ration.” Calcium and phosphorus are the two most


important minerals but whether ranchers need to supplement depends on the feed. “Alfalfa is high in calcium but if you feed


cereal silage or straight grass, that is going to change what we do here,” Witt points out. Feeds in BC can be short on phosphorus,


Witt adds, and that can be a problem as the mineral is key to weight gain in calves. The next most important minerals are


magnesium and potassium. Salt needs to be provided at all times, but cattle will balance salt intake on their own. “It’s the only mineral that they do,” adds


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Witt. Microminerals come as a label of ppm or parts per million on mineral tags.


“Selenium is the most common deficiency in the province,” says Witt. “But there are a few spots around, even locally, that are high in selenium, so it is good to know where you are at.” Vitamin E


supports


selenium and animals may not need as much


FILE PHOTO


selenium if Vitamin E consumption is strong, notes Witt. Copper amounts should also be checked as it is the second most- common


deficiency in southern BC. In addition to Vitamin E, both Vitamin A and


D are important for cattle. Witt also addressed the question of whether to use blocks or loose minerals for trace minerals. While he thinks both are beneficial on pasture and range where getting minerals isn’t practical, they’re not a cure-all and not necessarily cost-efficient. “If you do some quick math on a mineral tub at 200 pounds for $225, using a half- pound intake per head per day works out to about 50 cents a head per day,” says Witt. “A loose mineral, depending on what your mix is, is probably somewhere around 10 to 15 cents a head a day.”


Chelated minerals are expensive but Witt


says they have improved bioavailability and, like injectable minerals, a good short-term response. The best times to use them are when the animals are under stress, such as weaning, being hauled long distances and received at the feedlot. “Returns can be significant, with a 5% increase in feed efficiency,” he notes.


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