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amounts of gas can lead to crack formation or may even be explosive. In order to avoid this problem, coated Al powders have been used but their effectiveness should be determined in each case [26]. Lastly, this reaction can be a safety issue if it takes place in an enclosed area displacing air or leading to an explosion.
Conclusions
In conclusion, the addition of metals, carbides and/or borides singly or in combination to carbon containing refractories is ubiquitous. The possible reactions that take place within the refractory are many and complex. The understanding of the effect of these additions should be integrated into the selection of the appropriate refractory to ensure the most compatible physical properties for maximum unit availability.
Acknowledgement: I thank N. Sullivan for his suggestions in ways to improve the organization and presentation of this material.
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